Journal for Social Science Archives

The Interplay between Principal’s Instructional Leadership and Teachers’ Professional Development

Bashir Ahmad — 2024-11-14

This study examines the relationship between instructional leadership of school principals with teachers’ professional development. A quantitative correlational research approach was adopted to collect data from 959 secondary school teachers using a survey technique in four districts of Malakand division, KP. The primary objective was to quantify the relationship between principals’ instructional leadership (PIL) and its three dimensions (defining the school mission (DSM), managing instructional programs (MIP), and developing the school learning climate (DSLC)) and teachers’ professional development (TPD). The data was analyzed using statistical tools, including linear and multiple regression techniques. The findings revealed principals’ instructional leadership’s positive and robust impact on teachers’ professional development. The analysis also unveiled that each sub-construct of principals’ instructional leadership DSM, MIP, and DSLC contributes to teachers’ professional development. The findings suggest that PIL and its dimensions are theoretical constructs and critical factors in shaping TPD. The results have significant implications for educational practices and policy development. By understanding the distinct contributions of DSM, MIP, and DSL, targeted interventions can be designed that leverage these sub-constructs to improve educational outcomes practically and effectively.

How does Service Characteristics and Corporate Social Responsibility Matters in Customer Retention and Bank Reputation: An Evidence from the Banks of Pakistan

Hafiz Muhammad Arslan Arshad — 2024-11-14

Previously very few studies examining the connection among service quality dimensions and performance of the company in the service industry especially in Pakistan. In Pakistan's banking business, the link between consumer expectations and perceptions of service quality features, as well as assessing their impact on customer retention and bank reputation, is still unclear. The major goal of this investigation is to determine the connection and causal influence of service quality characteristics on customer retention and bank reputation through the mediating effect of customer trust and relationship quality. In order to conduct this research a sample size of 350 will be used to fulfill the requirement of the research. Out of 350 questionnaire researcher received 338 responses the researcher neglect 23 responses because he found extreme abnormal rate of response and researcher found 315 acceptable responses. After data collection, the researcher uploaded data from questionnaire replies to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 24 software for reliability analysis, frequency tables, descriptive statistics (Mean, Median, Mode, Variance, Standard Deviation, and Range) and correlation. After that researcher check the validity and hypotheses testing by using Analysis of moment structure (AMOS) 23. The current study to explain that there is favorable connection among service quality dimensions and CSR on customer retention and bank reputation. However, the study examines that customer trust and relationship quality had a positive mediating role between service quality dimensions and CSR on customer retention and bank reputation.

Total factor Productivity and its Contribution to Economic Growth of Pakistan

Aimen Shah — 2024-11-14

This research discusses the importance of total factor productivity i.e. employed labor force, stock of capital and energy consumption that plays an important role in accelerating output growth for Pakistan’s economy. The results shows, that Pakistan productivity performance is not improving and now it is high time for Pakistan to shift its focus on investments in (R&D) activities. Results do not support that GDP growth in Pakistan has been motivated by increased use of labor and capital only. And the major factor contributing to low TFP growth has been the low and decreasing levels of saving and investments in the economy. Thus it is important to shift from traditional ways of production and move towards the modern techniques of accelerating output for the economy.

Do Farm Service Centers Improve Technical Efficiency of Chickpea Growers in Karak District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Pakistan

Khuram Nawaz Sadozai — 2024-11-15

The central theme of this research endeavor was to assess the impact of Farm Service Centers (FSCs) on the technical efficiency of chickpea growers in District Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Data were collected from chickpea growers, including both members and non-members of FSCs. Primary data were gathered from 120 chickpea growers in three villages of Karak district namely Meerzal Banda, Alam Gulkhel Banda, and Zariwaal Banda by using a multistage stratified random sampling technique. A Stochastic Frontier production function was applied to estimate technical efficiency. The results of the Stochastic Frontier Model indicated that most variables were statistically significant. The mean technical efficiency was calculated at 80%, suggesting that chickpea growers could improve their production by 17%. It is recommended that farmers may be supported with new technologies and essential inputs by the government, as these were significant contributors. Furthermore, Farm Service Centers should enhance their services and provide basic inputs at reasonable prices.

Smartphone Induced Anxiety: An Investigation into Nomophobia and Stress Levels Among Universities Students

Muzammila Akram — 2024-11-18

The aim of this research was to investigate the extent of nomophobia, anxiety, and stress among students attending both public and private universities in Bahawalpur. The objectives included identifying contributing factors, assessing the prevalence of these issues, and suggesting potential solutions. A sample of 436 students was chosen from a population of 89,805 using Morgan’s table, and data was collected via a survey employing a questionnaire. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Version 2020 to compare means between public and private universities, while NVIVO software Version 2023 was utilized for analyzing responses to open-ended questions. The study revealed that a significant proportion (56.2%) of students experienced discomfort without constant access to their smartphones, indicating a notable prevalence of nomophobia. Furthermore, individuals affected by nomophobia reported heightened levels of stress and agitation, leading to social unease. Additionally, the study emphasized the importance of mobile phones as tools for research and information gathering, highlighting potential limitations faced by students lacking access to them. Based on these findings, recommendations were put forth to address these issues. Suggestions included engaging in mindfulness practices such as meditation or yoga to alleviate anxiety, finding alternative activities unrelated to mobile phones like exercise or reading, and encouraging outdoor pursuits to promote overall well-being. In summary, this study sheds light on the prevalence of nomophobia, anxiety, and stress among universities students and proposes strategies to mitigate these challenges, ultimately aiming to enhance students' well-being and academic success.

Exploring the Role of AI-Powered Financial Wellness Programs in Enhancing Employee Well-Being and Reducing Financial Stress

Nayyab Zulfiqar — 2024-11-22

This study aims to find the impact of AI-based financial wellness programs on the financial stress, financial literacy, job satisfaction, and productivity of employees. Data were collected using a set of questionnaires returned by employees who use AI-based financial tools to analyze data using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and independent t-tests. The outcomes for the three dependent variables support the notion that more frequent use and personalization of AI tools significantly reduce financial stress (t = -6.35, p < 0.01), improve financial literacy (r = 0.592, p < 0.01), as well as increase job satisfaction and productivity (r = 0.564 and r = 0.478, p < 0.01). Moreover, the multiple regression revealed that both frequency of usage of AI tools and personalization were excellent predictors of reduced financial stress (B = -0.221, p = 0.005; B = -0.324, p = 0.000). Thus, all four hypotheses are supported to demonstrate that AI tools help reduce the stress related to finances and improve work-related outcomes as well as the financial well-being of the employees. The findings here suggest that only customized AI programs are effective in detailing financial issues and have the potential for scaling their implementations within workplaces as well as cost-efficient solutions to improve overall employee welfare. However, privacy concerns and a lack of human empathy in AI interaction necessitate further redressal. Long-term implications of AI financial wellness programs should be probed in future studies with examination of how human financial counseling is integrated with AI for the benefit of more holistic employee support.

Analysis of Politeness Strategies in the Play Heat Lightening: A Pragmatic Perspective

Dr.Mamona Yasmin Khan — 2024-11-22

This study attempts to analyze politeness strategies as employed in the play Heat Lightening by Robert F. Carroll following Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory. The primary aim of the research is to find out how the analysis of these strategies can help in the understanding of the characters’ personalities and their role in the play. For this purpose, mixed research method has been employed. The data for this study is collected using purposive sampling method and 74 utterances have been selected for the analysis. The results show the utilization of all the four politeness strategies in the play devised by Brown and Levinson (1987). Findings reveal that positive politeness (30%), negative politeness (30%), bald on record (21%) and off record (19%) strategies have been used respectively. The ratio of positive and negative politeness strategies is higher used by the characters to save their hearer’s face and also to show their feelings of friendliness and cooperation for one another. However, the use of bald on record seems to threaten the hearer’s face and off-record is employed to show the frustration and irony or to give hints in the play. All of these strategies together provide a great insight into the play and its characters. The study has pedagogical implications for EFL and L2 English speakers.

Absolute Poverty and Microfinance: A Critical Appraisal of Rural Households in Chakwal, Punjab

Atta Muhammad — 2024-11-27

Despite the widening of microfinance in Pakistan, poverty alleviation and sustainable development remain unachieved, particularly in rural areas where the lower middle class is moving towards extreme poverty. Poverty alleviation was a key goal of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), but the rural population faces socioeconomic marginalization and limited access to necessities and financial services. Resilient and smooth financial linkages between local communities, farmers, and small business entities, combined with private and public financial organizations, are crucial for poverty alleviation. The micro financial sector has been declining in Pakistan for the last four decades, with the majority of rural populations living below the poverty line, especially in rural areas of Punjab, having limited access to financial and banking operations. This study aimed to explore whether microfinance is truly eliminating poverty in rural areas of Punjab, Pakistan. The research used the Before and After approach, Foster, Greer & Thorbecke class of poverty measures, and Alkire et al. (2011) methodology to assess the impact of financial appropriation on living standards and decline of economic poverty, absolute poverty. The results showed a positive interaction between broad finance and living standards, a negative association between financial invasion and socioeconomic catastrophe hazards in rural areas of Punjab like district Chakwal, Pakistan. Financial inclusion was found to be a probable determinant of economic poverty reduction, and the agriculture sector had the upper hand compared to other sectors. These findings can help policymakers and stakeholders understand the dynamics of socioeconomic adversity and the function of financial addition in achieving realistic socioeconomic uplift programs in rural Punjab.

Exploring the Effects of Economic Policy Uncertainty, FDI, and Energy Use, on Environmental Quality in BRICS

Muhammad Asim Imam — 2024-11-30

Using country-level data, this study examines the role of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and the contribution of economic growth variables such as foreign direct investment (FDI), energy consumption (EC), and GDP on the environment quality in BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa between 2000 and the year 2023. Analyzing the relationships with a focus on short- and long-run dynamics by using a set of the most advanced econometric techniques including cross-sectional dependence tests, the panel PMG-ARDL model, and robustness checks with FMOLS, The findings show that EPU improves environmental quality in the long run by reducing pollution-intensive activities in uncertain times. On the contrary, FDI and EC appear to have a non-negligible negative impact, indicating their role in increasing environmental degradation, especially in fossil fuel-dependent economies with weak environmental regulations. GDP has a more complicated relationship: it is a powerful measure of growth (of how the wealth of nations increases), but also of sustainability. An additional consideration the study highlights is that knowledge based on the creation of green investment is still insufficient in BRICS-alluding to the importance for these nations to adopt stringent environmental regulations, support clean energy, and finance green investments that promote decoupling economic development from environmental damage. Policy implications of these results are discussed in the context of achieving sustainable development in the face of global environmental change. More research is needed to tease out the heterogeneous impacts of such policy uncertainty, as well as to take into account sectoral variation in FDI flows to improve targeted policy response to such environmental type’s effects.

Shaping Space: The Impact of Socio-cultural Practices on the Spatial Organization of Kharanaq Fort, Yazd, Iran

Shariyeh Hosseininasab — 2024-12-02

Kharanaq Fort, a historic castle in Yazd, Iran, stands as a testament to the adaptive evolution of spatial organization shaped by centuries of socio-cultural transformation. This study aims to identify the impact of socio-cultural configuration of the community on the formation of the physical structure and the spatial organization of the fortress of Kharanaq village. From this perspective, the study questions whether social construct, cultural patterns and financial conditions have been effective in shaping the physical character of the fort or not, and if so, to what extent it has influenced the architectural characteristic of the fort; A fort that, in addition to its long history, it is also considered as one of the few completely inhabited forts (without a governing system) in Yazd and even Iran. The aim of this research is to introduce a unique example of vernacular architecture in Iran and delve into its deeper socio-cultural context, while addressing the mutual influence of the residents' socio-cultural behaviours and beliefs on the spatial organisation and the architectural characteristics of the fort. The data presented in this study is the result of extensive field works and visits of the village and the fort as well as, historical recourses available about the fort. Drawing on insights from archaeological excavations, field research, historical studies, and critical analysis of available texts, this article concludes that the fort's physical structure—shaped historically through a coherent design centred around a core nucleus—was essentially influenced by underlying social, cultural, and religious principles. Therefore, fully understanding its architecture requires a deep awareness of these guiding concepts, as the physical and conceptual elements are inseparably intertwined.

Harnessing the Wisdom of Experience: Age, Grit and Alchemy of Transforming Negative Emotions into Proactive Action

Dr. Saima Aftab — 2024-12-04

Purpose: The significance of positive feelings is the main emphasis of current emotion research; however, as organizational contexts have changed, discrete behaviors have also changed, which means the emotional foundation of behaviors is changing as well. Different emotions elicit different sorts of behavioral responses. Researchers are becoming increasingly interested in emotional control and interpersonal emotional management. Based on Socio emotional Selectivity Theory (SST) and Conservation of Resource (COR) theory this research study proposed that employee negative emotions of anger and fear predict proactive behaviors depending upon one’s age and levels of grit.

Design/methodology/approach: A cross-sectional survey data of 668 employees shows that anger and fear relate positively with proactive employee behaviors.

Findings: Results show that aging employees have a greater tendency to behave proactively as compared to younger employees. Moreover, grit enhances the ability and motivation of an individual to behave proactively.

Originality/Value: This study is the first which discusses the importance of age and grit in controlling negative emotions. This study contributes theoretically which proves that anger and fear leads to proactive behaviors, by showing how age and grit play their role in converting negative emotions into positive behavioral reactions.

Perception, Attitude, and Practice about Environment Conservation through Plastic Waste Management among Students in Ghazi University D.G. Khan

Zainab Akhwand — 2024-12-04

The global issue of plastic pollution necessitated a comprehensive understanding of individual attitudes and behaviors toward plastic recycling and environmental conservation. Improper disposal of plastic waste significantly contributed to environmental pollution, as plastics took hundreds of years to decompose and some contained harmful chemicals that could leach into the environment, posing potential risks to human health. Proper management of plastic waste was essential to reduce exposure to these harmful substances and enhance public health and well-being. The present study, titled "Perception, Attitude, and Practice of Environment Conservation through Plastic Waste Management among Students in Dera Ghazi Khan," aimed to explore the intricate interplay between human behaviors and environmental sustainability. Specifically, it sought to: 1) explore the perception of students toward environmental conservation; 2) study the knowledge and attitudes among students regarding plastic waste management; 3) examine how students practiced plastic waste management; and 4) provide recommendations for proper plastic waste management and environmental conservation. A structured questionnaire was developed and targeted a sample size of 300 students from various departments of Ghazi University. In the first stage, 10 different departments were randomly selected from Ghazi University. In the second stage, 30 students were chosen from each department using a convenient sampling technique. The study found that 55.7% of students strongly agreed that they supported businesses using plastic alternatives, and 44% strongly agreed that investing in advanced recycling systems is crucial for reducing plastic pollution. Awareness about plastic pollution was shown to significantly impact environmental conservation attitudes, with 37% strongly agreeing that it fosters a culture of responsibility. Additionally, 35.3% of respondents strongly supported providing incentives to reduce plastic use. Data analysis using SPSS revealed significant associations between attitudes toward reusable items and effective plastic waste management. Findings indicated that students who strongly agreed that increasing the use of reusable items can aid environmental conservation also believed that recycling plastic waste effectively reduces pollution. These findings provide valuable insights for future research and policy formulation in environmental conservation and plastic waste management.

Begging: Poverty or Habit Unraveling Public Perspective from South Punjab

Anam Zahra — 2024-12-02

Begging is defined as the intentional act of imploring others to grant favors often in the form of money with minimum or no expectation of reciprocation. Sometimes, they also demand the provision of food, drinks, clothing, cigarettes and many other small items. They often operate in the public places to attract more attention of the common people. Its major types include needy, habitual, and professional beggars. In the modern world, there observe a great increase in the number of beggars that became a concerning point for the common people and governments. However, this study conducts a survey to ask for the opinion of the common citizens to that whether poverty is the main cause of begging or whether it is a habitual behavior that people adopt irrespective of their economic status. After survey, structured questionnaire was developed, encompassing Likert-scale questions designed to gauge public opinions on the causes and consequences of begging in Pakistan. This questionnaire was administered to a sample size of 300 people, covering diverse age groups from different regions of South Punjab. Uni-variate (frequency distribution and percentage and Bivariate analysis (Chi square and Gamma Statistics) was carried out. Huge majority (95.0%) of the respondents were of age 20-25 years; (75.7%) of the respondents were female; (64%) of the respondents were language are saraiki speak;(96%) of the respondents were unmarried;(65.7%) their occupational were selected to (other)..; (82.3%) were education selected to (other..);( 40.0) of the respondents were agreed to individuals facing extreme poverty;(33%) of the respondents were strongly agreed the individuals facing extreme poverty;( 29.3%) of the respondents were agreed to they faced basic necessities such as food; (53.3%)of the respondents were seeking alternative means of income; (35.3%) of the respondents were neutral response rather than a habitual inclination. Bivariate analysis showed highly significant more will be poverty in the community vs more will be begging; More will be employment opportunities in the community vs less will be begging prevalence.

Investigating the Impact of E-Learning on Employees' Performance and Work Commitment: A Case Study of Private Sector School and College Employees in SWAT

Akhter Hussain — 2024-12-04

This study investigates the impact of e-learning on employees' performance and work commitment; private sector schools and colleges in SWAT. The research aim is to find and provide insights into the effectiveness of e-learning initiatives taken in improving educational institutions and employee performance. A qualitative case study approach; semi-structured interviews and formal document analysis to conduct the study. An online survey was conducted where 200 employees participated. This included both closed-ended and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics shows 45% of respondents were aged 25-34, with a gender distribution of 60% male and 40% female. Mostly participants (50%) had a Bachelor’s degree, and 30% had a Master’s degree. This method showed that E-learning practices adopted by employees at 30% participated daily, 40% weekly, and 20% monthly. The satisfaction with e-learning was found as 25% very satisfied and 40% satisfied in the educational setting. The study results finds that e-learning has significantly improved employee performance by enabling e-skill acquisition and knowledge transfer that leadins to improvements in teaching effectiveness and student outcomes. It also helps in improved employee work commitment by providing, continuous professional development opportunities. The finding reveals a positive correlations, found between e-learning participation and job performance (r = 0.65, p < 0.01) and, also between e-learning satisfaction and work commitment (r = 0.62, p < 0.01). This study is limited to private sector educational institutions in SWAT that may affect the generalizability of the findings towards public sector or other large organizations in educational sector. This research confirms the e-learning impact on employee performance and work commitment in private sector educational institutions. Therefore, future research could be expanded to the scope where other regions and sectors; public sector and non-profit institutions can be included, to provide a more valuable understanding of e-learning’s impact in such setting. The research findings and observations contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing empirical evidence-the impact of e-learning on employee performance and work commitment in SWAT’s private sector schools and colleges. It mainly highlights the importance of adopting and practicing effective e-learning strategies to improve educational outcomes and to support professional growth.

The ROSCAs Participation and their Influence on Financial Position of Business

Sami Ul Haq — 2024-12-04

The role of Small and Medium Size enterprises (SMEs) becoming more prominent all over the world. The most crucial and larger part of the world economies are SMEs. Rotated Savings and Credit Association (ROSCA) is cheap source of finance for SMEs. This study investigates Rotated Savings and Credit Association as a source of finance for SMEs. The objective of the study is to explore the participation of SMEs in Savings and Credit Associations and the influence of Savings and Credit Associations on the financial position of the business. To explore these issues, mix method was used for data collection through self-administered questionnaire and interview from Mingora City in district Swat. Total 200 questionnaires were distributed; response rate was 70%. Sample was selected through snow-ball sampling method. Frequency distribution and charts are used for presentation of data. Cross tabulation, chi-square and fisher exact test are used for checking the associations. The results illustrate that all types of businesses participated in committee, but majority are sole proprietorship. Businesses invest majority of their ROSCAs funds in existing businesses rather than other opportunities. In addition, these funds cover 20-30% financial needs of the business.

Unlocking Employees Creative Potential: The Role of Self-Efficacy and Innovation in Sustainability

Rezwan Ullah — 2024-12-04

The concept of employee creativity in organizations has become widespread. The creative abilities and performance outcomes of employees have been studied in previous literature. From the Pakistani perspective, the current study reveals the crucial role of employees in improving sustainability, mediated by self-efficacy and innovation. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between employees’ self-efficacy and the potential for sustainable development through innovation. Data was gathered using questionnaires from 200 individuals operating in Pakistan's high-tech manufacturing industry of Hayatabad industrial state, Peshawar. The national language of Urdu was used for the questionnaires, but respondents also had the option to choose English. The questionnaire replied to questions about employees’ creative potential in fostering sustainability, mediated through self-efficacy and innovation. SPSS data analysis software was utilized for statistical analysis when processing the data. Regression is employed to test hypotheses. Research shows that talented employees have essential skills in the workplace. The results also reveal that self-efficacy and innovation mediate the relationship between employee creative potential and sustainability, providing significant insights into organizational behavior and sustainability. This study not only expands our knowledge on the mediating role of self-efficacy and innovation but also highlights the crucial role of policymakers in enhancing employees' creativity and sustainability through personal effectiveness and innovation. It underscores the urgent need for supportive policies in this area, urging immediate action.

Herding Behavior of Investors in Pakistan Stock Exchange during Covid-19

Rooman Ali Shah — 2024-12-05

This study attempts to investigate the presence of herding behavior during COVID-19 in Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). Cross Sectional Standard Deviation (CSSD) is used for detecting the deviation in returns of the selected firms on a particular date. Linear regression is used to test the presence of herding behavior. The study of the data covers all the three lock down periods in Pakistan of COVID-19 in Pakistan. The results of the study concluded that during investors of individual firm don’t follow herd during upward market movement, but on other hand they follow herd during downward market movements.

Post 9/11 Fiction: Questioning the real Fundamentalist Terrorist in Omer Shahid Hamid’s ‘The Prisoner’

Hina Rafique — 2024-12-06

The present study aims to investigate the concept of Fundamentalist i.e. terrorists (jihadis) in the contemporary criminal narrative The Prisoner by Omer Shahid Hamid. This text is ultimately a criminal discourse reeked with the world of crime, violence, murder, sex and pragmatisms of Karachi police and political parties. This study focuses on the violent doings of terrorists (jihadis) through the course of the text, while proving themselves the real Muslim fundamentalists in the name of Islam. It also intends to scaffold through strategic violent doings that how violence is administered on the pillars of religious ideology. It is an attempt to present the dual sides of the terrorists’ world (Jihadis) and their extremist ideology particularly through the character of Qari Saif. Besides, it also analyzes that how the protagonist, Akbar proves himself the real worldly Jihadi, not a fundamentalist one, by his confrontation with the criminals in the streets of Karachi and launching a worldly war against Karachi Mafia. Contextually, this study answers the basic question the text postulates that who is the real jihadi after all. Hence, the researchers, through textual arguments and arguments based on theoretical insights about fundamentalism, intend to present two types of jihadi: the fundamentalist and the worldly. This research is qualitative in design and is based on the conceptual framework build upon the textual clues. It will contribute to the body of Pakistani Literature on one hand and literature on Fundamentalism on the other hand.

Importance of Actual and Real Self- Congruency in influencing Purchase Intention: The mediating role of Brand Passion

Dr. Mahwash Ghafoor Chaudhry — 2024-12-07

The main objective of the present study is to understand the industry dynamics of Bakery sector in Pakistan. The present study investigates the relationship between Self-Congruence and Purchase Intention of bakery consumers with Brand Passion acting as a mediator. Data was gathered from more than 200 individuals in Islamabad, Rawalpindi, and Lahore as part of the methodology. The survey participants were provided with questionnaires for collecting data and responses were evaluated using Smart PLS software. The study results indicate that Self-Congruence has a major impact on Purchase Intention of bakery consumers in Pakistan with Brand Passion mediating the relationship between Self-Congruence and Purchase Intention. Tehzeeb, Layers, Fresh Co, and Bakeman are four well-known bakery brands investigated in the present research. These bakery brands have branches in cities of Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Islamabad. The key limitations of the research are its focus on particular sector and geographical area. Marketers and brand managers in the bakery sector may find great value in findings of this study as it offers a valuable perspective to use Self-Congruence and Brand Passion to build strong brand connections and improve Purchase Intentions.

The Moderating Role of Spirituality Between Psychological Factors and Financial Risk Tolerance in Government Employees

Dil Nawaz — 2024-12-07

This study examines the relationship between individual financial risk tolerance and psychosocial factors (sensation seeking, locus of control, self-esteem) with the moderating role of spirituality. The data was collected from 388 government employees and PLS-SEM (Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling) was used for data estimation. The study found that individual financial risk tolerance is significantly influenced by psychosocial factors, including sensation seeking, locus of control, and self-esteem. Specifically, individuals with higher sensation seeking and internal locus of control tend to exhibit greater financial risk tolerance. Additionally, self-esteem was positively correlated with a higher willingness to take financial risks. Importantly, spirituality moderated these relationships, with individuals who reported higher spiritual engagement showing more cautious financial behavior, even if their psychosocial traits suggested a higher risk tolerance.

A Critical Analysis of Family Dispute Resolution Practices in Pakistan

Abdul Salam Soomro — 2024-12-09

Informal practices that exist within family relations are as ubiquitous as formal legal mechanisms widely used to resolve family disputes in Pakistan. To achieve this, this study critically examined the FDR Practices in Pakistan in light of the existing legal framework highlighting its strengths and gaps and proffering recommendation to improve upon the same. Legal provisions under the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance of 1961 and the West Pakistan Family Court Act of 1964 exist, but operate in spite of these, obstacles like procedural anomalies and Jirga and Panchayat systems continue to exist and human rights violations are not rare. The study was done using a qualitative research methodology which used a review of legal provisions, court practices and alternative dispute resolution models. Moreover, results proved that current frameworks do not sufficiently take care of family related disputes and that informal methods are not fair and accountable. The results of this study suggest that the formation of regulated FDR centers promotes relatively efficient resolution of disputes, reduces the burden placed on courts and protects family relationships.

Mothers’ Knowledge, Attitude and Practice about Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) Vaccination: A Sociological Study in District Dera Ghazi Khan

Shamsa Kanwal — 2024-12-10

Vaccination is aspect of public health that is considered the most cost-effective in reducing the prevalence of life-threatening disease. Therefore, it is important to have a sufficient amount of knowledge, a positive attitude, and correct practice regarding vaccinations. So present study has been designed to actually find out the mothers’ Knowledge, attitude, and practice about the expanded program on Immunization (EPI) Vaccination in district D.G Khan. The main objectives of the study are; (i) to identify the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondent; (ii) to assess the knowledge of mothers regarding childhood vaccination; (iii) to assess the perception of respondents about the availability and difficulty of EPI vaccination in the local study area; (iv) to suggest some recommendation’ to improve the accessibility of general care and encourage peoples for immunization activities and to enhance the parental level of knowledge for a positive attitude, and correct practice regarding vaccinations. In this regard, a survey was conducted, and data was collected through a multistage sampling technique from 200 mothers in tehsil Taunsa. The results showed that the majority 70.0% of the mothers possessed education up to matric; (SSC); 76.0% of respondents were of age group 20-30 years; 55.0% had 1 to 3 children; 58.0% of respondents were housewives; 93.5% mothers had knowledge about EPI vaccination; 89.0% said that difficulty of EPI vaccination is caused by lack of public awareness; 91.5% mentioned that availability of EPI vaccinations is important for parents;92.5% mentioned that availability of EPI vaccinations necessary for children;92.0% said that availability of vaccinations was caused to protect the children healthy life; 90.5% accessibility of general care encourage people for immunization. Results also showed a significant relationship between the availability of vaccination vs life protection of children; the Presence of doctors and paramedical staff vs adoption of vaccination and accessibility of general care vs immunization activities among people. Research suggested that the government should start an awareness program for the mothers regarding complete knowledge of EPI as well as ensure the availability of vaccination in hospitals i.e. DHQs, THQs, RHCs & BHUs for better child-mother health.

Key Factors in Undergraduate Students Subject Selection: A Case Study at the University of Baluchistan

Meerullah — 2024-12-11

This study investigates the factors influencing undergraduate students' subject selection at the University of Baluchistan. The research employs a stratified random sampling method, drawing a balanced sample of 300 students from various faculties, with equal representation of male and female students. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire capturing personal interests, academic performance, socio demographic characteristics, and career aspirations. The analysis was conducted using binary logistic regression in Minitab version 19, focusing on the likelihood of students choosing science disciplines. Results reveal that factors such as ease and interest in the subject and the influence of media play significant roles in students’ decision-making, positively affecting their choices. Conversely, parents' income shows a significant negative relationship, indicating that financial constraints may deter students from selecting certain subjects. Job opportunities, while relevant, do not exhibit a statistically significant influence. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions by educators and policymakers to address the diverse factors shaping academic choices and to support students in aligning their decisions with their interests and aspirations.

Legal Implications of Pakistan's 26th Constitutional Amendment: A Critical Analysis

Fazail Asrar Ahmed — 2024-12-12

The 26th Constitutional Amendment of Pakistan represents a significant milestone in the country’s constitutional evolution, primarily addressing the longstanding demand for enhanced political representation in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). This study critically examines the legal and socio-political implications of the amendment, focusing on its impact on fundamental rights, federalism, and governance. Through an analytical framework, the research explores the amendment’s alignment with constitutional principles, potential conflicts with existing provisions, and the challenges of practical implementation. The study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing constitutional texts, judicial precedents, and comparative analysis to assess the amendment’s implications. Key findings highlight its role in promoting inclusivity and addressing historical disenfranchisement, while also identifying legal ambiguities and governance challenges. The research underscores the importance of clear legislative frameworks and effective administrative measures to ensure the amendment’s success. By situating the 26th Amendment within Pakistan’s broader constitutional history and comparing it to similar reforms in other federal systems, the study offers valuable insights into its significance for strengthening democracy and fostering national integration. This critical analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the amendment’s potential to shape Pakistan’s political and legal landscape while highlighting areas requiring further attention.

Head Teachers' Perspectives and Implementation of Green Leadership in Pakistani Secondary Schools

Dr. Tanzeela Urooj — 2024-12-13

This qualitative study was conducted to determine how secondary school head teachers in Punjab Pakistan perceive and carry out green leadership practices. Fifteen head teachers from secondary schools in a district of Punjab were selected using purposive sampling and data was collected through semi-structured interviews. For data analysis, thematic analysis was used with the facilitation of NVivo 15. Four main themes were explored: conceptual understanding of green leadership, implementation strategies and practices, challenges and resource constraints, and motivational and cultural influences. The findings revealed the multiplicity of green leadership, ranging from mere environmentally friendly actions to complete leadership tactics. Implementation strategies encouraged collaborative approaches and engaging stakeholders, while participants discussed curricular and co-curricular activities. Financial constraints, limited infrastructure, and varying support by the stakeholders were identified as major implementation challenges, and religious and cultural values were identified as important motivators of environmental initiatives. Despite these constraints, head teachers developed innovative ways of finding local solutions and quite often, cultural and religious values were mobilized to reinforce environmental initiatives. The findings disseminate knowledge of green leadership implementation in the context of developing countries’ educational sectors and yield evidence-based suggestions for Pakistan’s policymakers and educational administrators focusing on the importance of structured professional development and organized resource support.

The Development and Validation of Self-Concept Scale For Pakistani University Students

Sajjad Hussain — 2024-12-14

Cultural aspects are dominant in almost all areas of research and require special attention while conducting a study. The same goes for under-focused self-concept which varies from individualistic to collectivistic cultures. In the present research, an indigenous scale was developed to explore the self-concept of university students in Pakistani culture. In the first phase, 60 university students were interviewed separately and generated the item pool of 46 statements. Then repeated and ambiguous items were excluded, and a list of 40 items was used for piloting on 30 university students as a self-report measure of a 5-point rating scale (Self-Concept Scale). Finally, a convenient sample of 300 university students (154 boys and 146 girls) was given the final list of 40 items, Self-Concept Scale for Adolescents, and a demographic sheet. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to investigate the collected data. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) produced a two-factor solution: positive and negative self-concept. Lastly, 38 items were finalized for the self-concept scale, the first factor was based on 22 items and the second factor consisted of 16 items. The SCS was found to have high internal consistency, concurrent validity, and split-half reliability. This scale can be used in further research, assessment, and counseling services for the students.

Impact of Women Empowerment in the State, Market and Social Domain: Empirical Evidence of Developing Countries

Dr. Fatima Gulzar — 2024-12-16

The authority to carry out a job is a matter of delegation of power and jurisdiction. When women are empowered, they can make their own decisions and have access to resources. When a society strives for growth in its social and economic spheres, it is said to be developing socially and economically. Half of the world's population comprises women, who comprise a significant percentage of society via their reproductive and productive labor. This article examines the significance of women's empowerment in socio-economic progress, which is crucial for a country's advancement since it recognizes and incorporates women's influence into the economy to enhance their situations. This article falls under the qualitative category since it relied on supplementary methods to gather data. The study examines how empowering women in developing countries may lead to positive socio-economic change in society, the market, and the state. Filling a vacuum in our understanding, this research employs theoretical frameworks and case studies to assess how women's empowerment affects development via the state, the market, and society. The implications, methodology, and linkages are examined using quantitative data and qualitative observations from developing countries. Out of all the population categories, the one for political approval produces the fewest results. Statistics under support the representation of women in political institutions, internet accessibility, and the judicial system. To measure women's empowerment, researchers often use the Women's Empowerment Index. Many studies have used this measure or one of its variants to assess empowerment; examples include the agricultural level, the Women's Empowerment Index (Weeai), and empowerment indices for women in livestock.

Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence in the Interrelationship of Elementary School Teachers’ Social Skills and Social Competence

Dr. Iqbal Ahmad — 2024-12-16

Teachers’ emotional intelligence is one of the prime indicators of their improved social skill and social competence at workplace. Due to rapid changes in the current times, the role of school teachers has become very challenging. Different factors affect their teaching effectiveness. Emotional intelligence is one such important factor which has been less explored in the context of elementary education. The present study examines how emotional intelligence mediates the relations of social skills and social competence of teachers. A total of 210 teachers participated in the study from elementary schools of Punjab, Pakistan. A quantitative measure was administered to collect data on five-point Likert type scale. Mean score Pearson’s r, regression and path analysis were conducted to analyze the data. The results showed a high mean score which was above 4.00 for teachers’ emotional intelligence, social skills and social competence. The correlation between all the three variables indicated social skills having significant correlation with social competence (r value=.766 and p< 0.000), social skills with emotional intelligence (r value = .802 and p<0.000) and social competence with emotional intelligence (r value =.805 and p<0.000). The study showed that emotional intelligence partially mediated the relationships between social skills and social competency. Based on the results it is concluded that emotional intelligence is a strong predictor of social skills and social competence of teachers in elementary education context.

A Review of Studies Regarding the Impact of Financial Technology (Fintech) and Financial Stability: The Mediating Role of Corporate Social Responsibility

Muhammad Rizwan Kamran — 2024-12-19

The determination of this review is to evaluate the existing studies on the link between fintech and the financial stability of the banking sector, as well as the mediating effects of corporate social responsibility. This study mainly analyses the most relevant contents of fifty existing studies that are retrieved from the Google Scholar database. The specific period is taken into account for the study (2015–2023). The PRISMA method was applied for this literature review. There are some limitations of this study; first, it is solely uses Google Scholar for articles. Second, only general articles are evaluated, not book chapters, review papers, working papers, reports, editorials, conference papers, graduate theses, or preprints. Thirdly, this review covers 2015–2023. Fourth, evaluate only one financial sector, which may be unsatisfactory. The results are in a mixed pattern because many studies reveal that the financial technology and financial stability of the banking sector have positive and significant results because the contribution of financial technology boosts their operation in many ways, like lending and borrowing, wealth management, asset management, insurance, and many other activities that a commercial bank performs. On the other hand, various studies have found a negative and insignificant relationship between Fintech and financial stability. Because of that, there are some factors like risk and government laws and regulations that do not have enough management. Fintech and corporate social responsibility also have a positive impact on the financial stability of the banking sector. Because of the new potential and risks for the monetary segment, the present article contributes to our knowledge of how the expansion of fintech businesses affects the banking industry. The article also offers recommendations for future studies on the effects of fintech activities on economic and social prosperity.

Analyzing how Cultivating Positive Emotions Like Joy, Hope, and Empathy can Motivate Individuals to Engage in Community Service and Social Activism

Saima Noor — 2024-12-19

This study explores the role of positive emotions—joy, hope, and empathy—leading people into social action and community service. From the psychological theories of emotional motivation and prosocial behavior, the research is interested in how these emotions contribute to immediate and long-term involvement in causes. The survey-based quantitative approach included 300 adults involved in activism or community service. Measuring happiness, hope, and empathies, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule PANAS was used. A customized Likert scale survey elicited information on participant's motivation to participate in activism. The statistical techniques conducted were correlation, regression, and mediation analysis to observe that positive emotions showed an effect on the engagement towards activism (r = 0.75 for happiness, r = 0.68 for hope, r = 0.80 for empathy, p < 0.01). Empathy mediated between joy/hope and long term activism; regression analysis indicated that empathy was most predictive of long term commitment (β = 0.30). Whereas joy and hope was the prime movers in short-term activism, it is in that aspect in which empathy actually made long-term participation truly stick together. This does empirically provide evidence to require emotional induction where induction of emotion of empathy seems to make a lot with social activism activation/maintenance at work. Implications: This is very important to nonprofit organizations, activists, as well as policymakers who might look to enhance social participation, as well as long-run dedication to social causes. Further emotional interventions should be researched further; other emotional conditions should be explored for effects in activism, and causal relations with longitudinal studies could be pursued.

Role of Orange Revolution and the Euromaidan Revolution: During Ukraine-Russia War

Sadaf Ghayoor — 2024-12-19

The Orange Revolution (2004) and the Euromaidan Revolution (2013-2014) had been pivotal moves in Ukraine's history, basically changing the nation's political trajectory and its courting with Russia. Both revolutions had been pushed with the aid of using huge discontent with authorities' corruption and the preference for democratic reforms, with the aim of aligning Ukraine greater intently with Europe as opposed to Russia. The Orange Revolution, sparked with the aid of using electoral fraud, brought about a shift in Ukraine’s political panorama and its aspirations for extra integration with Western institutions. A decade later, the Euromaidan Revolution echoed those sentiments, with mass protests towards President Yanukovych's selection to droop an affiliation settlement with the European Union, pushing Ukraine toward European integration and farfar from Russian influence. As Ukraine confronted growing Russian aggression, specifically with the annexation of Crimea and the continued battle withinside the Donbas region, the legacy of those revolutions has become critical in shaping the nation’s resistance. The revolutions instilled an experience of countrywide identity, civic pride, and European aspirations that have become crucial to Ukraine's remedy withinside the face of Russian navy intervention. Additionally, the EU's support, stemming from its backing of those revolutions, performed a sizeable function in Ukraine’s resilience, providing each political and financial assistance. This summary explores the importance of the Orange Revolution and Euromaidan in shaping Ukraine’s reaction to the continued struggle fare with Russia and their lasting effect at the country’s sovereignty and European identity. The Orange Revolution (2004) and the Euromaidan Revolution (2013-2014) are defining moments in Ukraine's post-Soviet history, marking the country’s decisive shift Forfar from Russian have an impact on toward European integration. Both actions have been born out of the human being's deep frustration with political corruption, electoral fraud, and an entrenched device of governance that hindered democratic progress. The political panorama of Ukraine, divided among pro-European and pro-Russian factions, set the degree for each revolution, which might end up key drivers in shaping the country's destiny. This paper explores the function of those revolutions for the duration of the continuing Ukraine-Russia battle, reading how they contributed to Ukraine's resistance to Russian aggression and its power for more European integration.