Journal for Social Science Archives

Exploring Public Views on the Taliban Ban on Women Education in Afghanistan

2025-01-04T19:52:02+02:00

This study investigates public opinions regarding the Taliban's ban on women's education in Afghanistan, focusing on its human rights, economic, social, and political implications. The data was collected from 120 respondents through a survey assessing various perspectives on the ban's consequences. Descriptive statistics revealed strong agreement on statements related to human rights violations, economic growth, gender inequality, and empowerment, with the exception of the belief that the ban would eventually be lifted. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified six key components representing themes like human rights, gender inequality, economic consequences, cultural practices, sanctions, and social impacts. The study found moderate adequacy for factor analysis (KMO = 0.580) and significant correlations between various factors, including economic growth and human rights. The results suggest that the Taliban's ban has widespread support for being a violation of human rights but significant disagreement about its justification. The study concludes that the ban’s broader societal consequences, including the negative impact on gender equality, economic development, and international relations, are widely acknowledged. However, opinions regarding the lifting of the ban and its justification remain divided.

Geospatial Analysis of Urban Poverty in Loralai District of Pakistan

2025-01-06T19:29:08+02:00

This research aims to the socioeconomic factors contributing to urban poverty within 25 wards of Loralai District. The primary objective of the study is to assess the challenges faced by urban residents related to poverty and to map these poverty levels spatially using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The primary data were collected through questionnaires. Variables including household income, loan amount received from banks, availability and type of automobile vehicle were used to assess the poverty level. These indicators were crucial in determining the overall poverty status of each ward. The findings revealed significant inequalities in poverty levels among the 25 urban wards of Loralai District (Annexure B). Wards 2,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25 were categorized as "very poor," with residents in these areas experiencing the most severe deprivation in terms of income and access to essential services. Wards 3,4,6, 7,11,12,16,17,18,19 and 18 were identified as "medium". In contrast, wards 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14 and 15 were classified as "rich" in comparison, showing better socioeconomic conditions, higher household incomes, and better access to services. The visual maps created through GIS allowed for the clear identification of patterns in urban poverty, making it easier to discern which wards are in need of targeted interventions. The spatial analysis of urban poverty provided by this research is crucial for policymakers, government officials, and development organizations to understand the area in need of resources and planning to alleviate poverty.

Impact of Sports Activities on Confidence level of Students

2025-01-06T19:58:11+02:00

The purpose of the study was to access the role of sports to enhance the confidence level of students. Self-confidence is considered as an important element for student’s life to perform any activity. The objective of the study was to assess the views of students about the role of sports activities in overall development of confidence level. This study also helpful that sports activities can develop or build the confidence level in students. The researchers were collected the from various government and private sector educational institutions within the jurisdiction. The sample of population of this study was 100 students from different private and government sector educational institutions. After analysis of the study the researchers concluded that those students who take a part in sports activities are enjoyable. The significant result of the statement show that majority of the students feels that they are more responsible when participation in sports which enhance their confidence. In last the researchers also recommended that the government may be providing suitable and an adequate amount of funds to promote co-curricular activities at educational institutions.

Understanding Library Anxiety in Undergraduate Students: A Study at Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan

2025-01-07T16:56:15+02:00

This study investigates the level of library anxiety, its primary causes, and gender-based differences among first-year students at Mehran University of Engineering & Technology (MUET). Data was collected from students in the Architecture, City & Regional Planning, Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering, and Water Resources Engineering & Management departments via an online questionnaire distributed through WhatsApp and email with the assistance of teaching staff. A total of 100 responses were analyzed using the AQAK Library Anxiety Scale. The findings reveal that students experience a mild level of library anxiety. The most significant contributing factors are the library environment and library resources, while user education contributes the least to library anxiety. Additionally, no significant gender-based differences in library anxiety levels were observed. To mitigate library anxiety, the study recommends that librarians and faculty collaborate to organize targeted programs and assign library-related tasks to familiarize students with library resources and encourage their use effectively.

Advancing in the Change Journey Towards FinTech: The Nexus between Fintech and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Pakistan

2025-01-08T13:17:05+02:00

FinTech companies' involvement in Pakistan's banking industry is essential to improving the country's traditional financial system. This study uses data from the banking industry in Pakistan from 2018 to 2022 to investigate how financial technology (FinTech) affects bank performance. Regression analysis with a data panel fixed effect model is used in this investigation. The Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Net Interest Margin (NIM), Gross Non-Performing Loans (NPL), Return on Equity (ROE), Return on Assets (ROA), and Loans Deposit Ratio (LDR) are among the financial variables that are quantified in this study. In the context of FinTech, inflation and the GDP are control variables. The findings reveal that the financial variables, including NPLgross, CAR, ROA, LDR (Loan-to-Deposit Ratio), ROE, and inflation have a statistically significant influence on FinTech. Furthermore, FinTech is insignificantly influenced by NIM, as well as control variable GDP. This illustrates how Pakistani banks can benefit from forming alliances with FinTech companies in order to improve the financial system and maximize the profits that emerge from such cooperation.

Profitability Analysis of Cold-Water Fish Farming in Northern Pakistan: A Case Study of Aziz Trout Farm District Chitral

2025-01-08T19:02:33+02:00

Analysis of economic profitability is essential for establishing the financial viability of any business enterprise. In the context of trout farming in the Pakistani district of Chitral, this study evaluates the financial implications of this profitable and sustainable technique. In July of 2020, a structured questionnaire was used to collect data on profitability indicators for the study. The investigation reveals that the overall cost of producing 398 kilograms of fish on the farm was 596,013 rupees. This cost analysis offers great insight into the economic ramifications of trout farming in the region. In addition, the study indicates a good Benefit-cost ratio of 1.67, demonstrating that the benefits of trout farming outweigh the associated expenses. Additionally, the Rate of Return on Investment (RRI) is an amazing 0.78, further demonstrating the enterprise's profitability. The Variable Cost (RVC), which has a large value of 0.60, is one of the main aspects that contribute to the profitability of trout farming. This illustrates the potential profitability and cost-effectiveness of trout farming in District Chitral. The study demonstrates that fish farming, specifically trout farming, offers individuals a lucrative option to support themselves. With its favorable financial indicators and potential for long-term profitability, trout farming is a viable source of income for residents in the region.

The Effect of War on the Mental Health of Afghan Refugees, Quetta, Baluchistan

2025-01-10T05:34:23+02:00

This study explores the mental health conditions, specifically depression, anxiety, and stress, among Afghan refugees residing in Quetta, Baluchistan. Using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), the study assesses the prevalence and severity of these conditions in a sample of 100 refugees. The results indicate that a significant number of respondents experience moderate to severe levels of stress, anxiety, and depression, with higher concentrations of moderate and extremely severe conditions. The correlation analysis reveals strong positive relationships between stress, anxiety, and depression, suggesting that these conditions are interlinked. Reliability tests of the DASS-21 scale show acceptable levels of internal consistency, ensuring the validity of the findings. These findings highlight the urgent need for mental health interventions to address the growing mental health concerns among Afghan refugees in Baluchistan.

Exploring the Mediating Role of Body Image in the Relationship Between Social Interaction Anxiety and Sleep Disturbance Among Overweight Individuals

2025-01-10T05:51:36+02:00

This study investigated the relationship between social interaction anxiety and general sleep disturbance among overweight individuals, emphasizing the mediating role of body image concerns. A total of 211 participants, aged 20 to 50 years, were recruited from gyms, clinics, and slimming centers in Multan, Pakistan. Participants completed the General Sleep Disturbance Scale (GSDS), Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), and Body Shape Scale (BSS) to assess sleep disturbance, social interaction anxiety, and body image concerns, respectively. Results revealed a significant positive correlation between social interaction anxiety, body image concerns, and sleep disturbance. Furthermore, body image concerns were found to mediate the relationship between social interaction anxiety and sleep disturbance. Females and unmarried individuals reported higher levels of social interaction anxiety, body image concerns, and sleep disturbances compared to their counterparts, while age showed no significant impact on these variables. These findings highlight the need to address both psychological and physiological challenges in designing effective weight management interventions.

Critical Discourse Analysis of Chants during Ouster of Prime Minister of Bangladesh: A Systemic Functional Linguistic Perspective

2025-01-10T08:13:00+02:00

This article aims to critically investigate the role of protest chants during the 2024 ouster of Prime Minister of Bangladesh, using Halliday's Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) as an analytical framework within the larger context of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Chants as a powerful tool for mobilization, comprises socio-political tensions, unity and resistance against power. This study delves into the linguistic features that create an influential impact on the public by examining chants and a song of resistance ‘Awaz Utha’ using ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions of SFL. The study is based on Qualitative methodology and advances the discipline of CDA by uncovering the complex meanings of protest discourse. The results explore how the chants act as a powerful agent to disperse ideas of freedom and describe the sketch of political ideologies. It also shed light on the protest movements in socio-political contexts and the role of language in shaping political and social resistance and collective identities in Bangladesh. This perspective is crucial in highlighting the role of language in amplifying marginalized voices and the interplay of language, power and resistance in the protestants demands.

Examining the Impact of Social Media on Teacher Resilience and Learning Outcomes: A Behavioral Study

2025-01-10T09:12:21+02:00

The widespread integration of social media has reshaped the educational landscape, influencing teacher resilience and student learning outcomes. Teacher resilience, defined as the ability to adapt to stressors, and learning outcomes, encompassing academic engagement and performance, are increasingly impacted by the strategic use of social media. This study aims to examine the effects of social media on teacher resilience and learning outcomes, providing actionable insights for educators and policymakers. The study employed a quantitative methodology rooted in a positivist paradigm. Data were collected from 233 educational professionals and teachers using a structured questionnaire designed to measure demographic characteristics, the impact of social media on teacher resilience, and its influence on learning outcomes. Responses were analyzed using SPSS software for descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analyses. Findings reveal that social media significantly enhances teacher resilience by fostering emotional support, professional networking, and resource sharing (β = 0.65, p < 0.001). Similarly, social media positively impacts learning outcomes through improved engagement and collaboration (β = 0.58, p < 0.001). Teacher resilience was also found to significantly predict learning outcomes (β = 0.72, p < 0.001). However, excessive use of social media can lead to distractions and reduced productivity. Limitations include the cross-sectional design, reliance on self-reported data, and context-specific findings. Future research should consider longitudinal designs, diverse populations, and intervention studies to optimize social media use in education. These insights contribute to the discourse on digital education, highlighting the potential of social media to foster resilience and learning.

Fiscal Decentralization and Education Index: Evidence from Punjab, Pakistan

2025-01-10T21:13:03+02:00

The study examines how fiscal decentralization affects the education index at the district level in Pakistan's Punjab province, which has five components. Disparities in the distribution of public services have existed throughout Pakistan's history, and current research on regional development emphasizes the importance of evaluating human development phenomena using spatial models like density, locality, and distance. According to the study's findings, the distance between districts and the capital city determines the significant positive effects of fiscal decentralization on the district-level education index; the more "distance from the city" that districts are from the city, the greater the positive effects of fiscal decentralization. Since geography affects the delivery of public services, differences between districts should be addressed by enhancing social and economic institutions and infrastructure in the nation's underdeveloped areas.

Cultural Contours of Justice: Law and Crimes Narratives in Popular Imagination

2025-01-13T06:51:41+02:00

This research delves into the cultural contours of justice in the context of Pakistan, with special emphasis on the complex relationship between the media, the ever-shifting norms in a given society, and the laws of the land. It reveals how regional legacies of colonialism and Sharia law shape attitudes toward justice, crime, and punishment. The research highlights a significant discrepancy between the public experience and the reality of crime trends, suffering from the amplification of sensationalistic media coverage, leading to a decline in trust towards police and the system of justice. By employing qualitative assessments of media representations and public opinion surveys, as well as quantitative analyses of crime statistics, to investigate the socio-cultural contexts shaping local perceptions of justice in Pakistan, the report exposes how sensationalist media heighten social fear; how they misrepresent marginalized populations; and how they reinforce existing stereotypes of criminality, thus developing warped views of the extent and nature of crime. The study also highlights notable differences in how justice is practised across different regions, particularly rural settings where traditional normative values differ from codified legal norms. These results highlight the importance of culturally competent legal reform and ethical journalism to mitigate the gap between perception and reality so that the public can trust the justice system.

Trial in Absentia: Evaluating Compatibility of the International Criminal Law with Islamic Law

2025-01-13T09:04:39+02:00

The notion of conducting trials in absentia has consistently been a subject of debate and contention in discussions regarding the operations of the International Criminal Justice System. Discussions have frequently centered on its legal standing and adherence to principles such as fair trial rights and self-representation. Generally, a trial in absentia is where the trial is held and evidence is adduced against the accused in his absence. Every individual is entitled to be present during trial: This principle is firmly established under both the regimes of Islamic law and International Criminal Law (ICL). Historically, the International Military Tribunal (IMT) in Nuremberg and Tokyo permitted implicitly the trials in absentia. Afterwards, except in one case Special Tribunal for Lebanon, practice got changed and strict approach was taken with regard to trial in absentia in international arena. Conversely, trial in absentia is permitted under Islamic law in limited and exceptional circumstances. Firstly, an effort was made to portray the understanding and concept of trial in absentia in this paper. The major push of this paper was to assess the position of trials in absentia in both regimes namely Islamic law and ICL, with a focus on analyzing the similarities between this set of laws. Generally, this paper demonstrated that contemporary ICL does not collide with Islamic law on the aspect of trials in absentia. The present paper adopted the doctrinal research methodology to complete this paper.

Human Resource Management (HRM) and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Integrating Social Goals with Employee Engagement

2025-01-13T09:41:39+02:00

The integration of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and human resource management (HRM) in Pakistani firms is examined in this study, with an emphasis on the effects of CSR-driven efforts on employee engagement. 300 workers from a variety of industries, including manufacturing, services, and education, were surveyed using a standardized questionnaire as part of a quantitative research design. Employee engagement metrics (job satisfaction, motivation, and organizational commitment), HRM practices (employee training, performance evaluation, and inclusivity), and CSR practices (community development, environmental sustainability, and ethical governance) made up the three sections of the questionnaire. An online survey platform and in-person distribution was used to gather data, guaranteeing a balanced representation of demographic groupings and industries. A high positive correlation between CSR activities and employee engagement was shown through statistical analysis, including regression and correlation tests. Notable impacts were seen in community development and ethical governance projects. The results emphasize how important it is for Pakistani companies to match HRM strategies with social objectives in order to create an inclusive and purpose-driven work environment.

Globalization and the Environment: A Path to Sustainable Development for SAARC Nations

2025-01-14T05:03:56+02:00

This study examines the complex connection between globalization, environmental sustainability, and international climate policy via the lens of the Environmental Kuznets Curve model. Therefore, it examines the aspects of globalization and the consequent CO2 emissions in certain South Asian countries. The paper analyses panel data from 1991 to 2023, employing multiple econometric approaches to substantiate the Environmental Kuznets Curve theory, which elucidates the inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution. The study illustrates that economic globalization facilitates technology transfers and the adoption of sustainable practices, resulting in decreased emissions. Conversely, political globalization obstructs environmental advancements due to inadequate governance and the inability to enforce global agreements. Although social globalization now exerts a minimal positive influence on environmental awareness and sustainability, there appears to be an increase in these characteristics. Therefore, the current research advocates for the advancement of contextualized methodologies, emphasizing institutional frameworks, international cooperation, and climate financing. This study contributes to the literature on balancing economic growth with environmental preservation in a highly integrated global economy and provides policy recommendations for developing countries.

Nexus between Teaching and Technology: A Model for Technology Adoptation

2025-01-14T05:17:30+02:00

In this research, we looked at the reasons why technology hasn't had a positive influence on education in the past and listed the prerequisites for its future successful application. Teachers must go past Familiarisation and Utilisation and into the Reorientation, Integration, and Evolution stages of technology usage if they are to employ concept and product technologies successfully. Teachers may rethink their duties in the classroom after learning how to use technology. Teachers may design spaces where students actively participate in cognitive partnerships with technology by drawing on research results from cognitive psychology and other relevant fields.

Impact of Compensation Packages on Employees Job Satisfaction: Moderating Role of Environmental Uncertainty in Banking Institutions of Kabul

2025-01-14T14:41:58+02:00

This study investigates the impact of compensation on employees' job satisfaction in private banks located in Kabul, Afghanistan. Additionally, it explores the moderating role of environmental uncertainty in this relationship. The study aims to determine the extent to which compensation packages, affects employee job satisfaction, while considering the influence of environmental uncertainty as a moderating variable. Cross-sectional quantitative data is collected through an adopted self-administered survey questionnaire from employees (N=660) of private banks in Kabul. Statistical analyses, including descriptive analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, ANOVA, and regression analysis were conducted using the SPSS. The findings of this study indicate that compensation packages have a significant impact on employee job satisfaction. It reveals that employees' perception of their compensation, including salary, benefits, and incentives, plays a crucial role in determining their level of job satisfaction. Higher levels of compensation are positively associated with increased job satisfaction among employees in private banks. Furthermore, the study highlights the moderating role of environmental uncertainty in the relationship between compensation packages and job satisfaction. Environmental uncertainty refers to the volatility, complexity, and unpredictability of the external business environment. The findings suggest that organizations should carefully design and implement compensation packages that align with employees' needs and expectations, considering the contextual factors of the business environment.

Double Marginality, Historical Memory, and Trauma in Uzma Aslam Khan's the Miraculous True History of Nomi Ali: A Trauma Studies Perspective

2025-01-15T12:52:35+02:00

The study analyses Uzma Aslam Khan’s novel, The Miraculous True History of Nomi Ali, using the intersections between post colonial feminism and Cathy Caruth's trauma theory to engage with the issues of trauma, historical memory and double marginality to explore the colonial enterprise. It engages Nomi Ali’s experiences and battles as she lives in postcolonial Pakistan, struggling to come to grips with her identity and past traumas. The intergenerational transmission of trauma among women from different ethnic and religious backgrounds is also the focus of this research paper. This research, therefore, investigates how past traumas, oppression, and patriarchy are represented in this novel concerning their distinctive identities and colonial history. It further tries to explore the notion of double marginality through Nomi Ali’s story, where gender, culture, and historical violence meet. The study aims at exploring the historical memory inscribed on an individual and collective identity, besides describing trauma that makes up the part of women who always form a margin in every sphere. It would deepen the understanding of Pakistani literature in English as contributing to the global debate of trauma, memory, and identity.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Customer Repurchase Intention

2025-01-17T20:03:05+02:00

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of consumer engagement on social media and conversion rate optimization in mediating the relationship between artificial intelligence technology and repurchase intention, where customer habit is as a moderator. This study also determines how artificial intelligence technology integrated social media sites affect consumers' intentions to repurchase as well as to improve the understanding of established variables. Moreover, this study is conducted on the international sportswear brands and to evaluate the hypothesized relationships, the data was collected using Google Forms from 496 respondents who buy from these brands. Furthermore, the study was cross sectional in nature. The data was analyzed using Smart PLS to test the hypotheses. Results of the study show that artificial intelligence technology positively and significantly affects repurchase intention through consumer engagement and conversion rate optimization. Furthermore, customer habit has been found to be a moderator between consumer engagement on social media and repurchase intention with the positive correlation. Results also showed that artificial intelligence technology significantly affects repurchase intention with positive correlation. The findings reveal that brands should focus on integrating artificial intelligence technology in their networking sites to understand the consumer needs and wants. Conclusion, limitations of the study, future research and managerial implications were also included in the study.

Cultural Rejection and Racial Struggles: Amir Kapoor’s Identity Crisis in Disgraced

2025-01-17T20:24:29+02:00

This essay examines how the crucial dinner in Ayad Akhtar's Disgraced illustrates the concept of Critical Race Theory (CRT) and racial and cultural identity confrontations in a hierarchical society. This drama explores Amir Kapoor's inner turmoil as a Muslim South Asian American negotiating his identity in a large white workplace. The structural obstacles that racial minorities encounter are brought to light by Amir's rejection of his ethnicity and his career challenges and hidden prejudices. The scene highlights the continuation of racial hierarchy in progressive settings and criticizes liberal multiculturalism. This research shows Amir’s identity dilemma by utilizing the notion of Bhabha’s hybridity. This study adds to the conversation on race, identity, and modern theater by examining the psychological effects of cultural rejection and its structural injustice.

Inspiring Muslim Women of the Indian Subcontinent (1857-1947): A Study of Their Lives, Struggles, and Contributions

2025-01-18T21:31:37+02:00

The Indian subcontinent's fight for independence (1857-1947) witnessed profound social, political, and cultural changes, during which Muslim women encountered a variety of challenges, including patriarchal norms, colonial oppression, and the constraints of the purdah system. These barriers often hindered their educational opportunities, limited their public engagement, and reinforced gender-based roles. Despite such limitations, Muslim women played crucial roles in shaping the political and social climate of the era. This study delves into the lives, struggles, and significant contributions of these women, highlighting how they navigated and resisted societal constraints. It discusses influential figures like Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, Fatima Jinnah, Abadi Banu Begum, Rashid Jahan, and Ismat Chughtai, whose efforts in education, social reform, literature, and nationalist movements challenged the oppressive frameworks of their time. Through their work, these figures not only propelled the cause of Indian independence forward but also championed the rights of Muslim women and broader social reforms. This research seeks to illuminate their determination, agency, and impact, showcasing how Muslim women were integral to both the fight for national liberation and the pursuit of gender equality. By examining their contributions and the socio-political context in which they acted, this study emphasizes their essential place in the history of India’s independence and the progress of women's rights in the subcontinent.

The Simultaneous Decision-Making Process Regarding Schooling and Child Labour in Urban Households of the Zhob and Sherani Districts in Balochistan, Pakistan

2025-01-19T14:23:22+02:00

This research examines the simultaneous decision-making processes regarding education and child labour within urban households in the districts of Zhob and Sherani in Baluchistan. A questionnaire was employed to collect primary data to achieve the study's objectives. The analysis was conducted using the Sequential Probit Model. The specific aims of this study include investigating the supply-side factors influencing child labour in urban settings, particularly the relationship between parental decisions (to enrol their children in "school only," "a combination of school and work," "work only," or "neither school nor work") and four categories of socio-economic variables: child characteristics (including birth order, gender, age, and education of the child), head of household characteristics (such as gender, age, education, employment status, and income of the head of the household), parental characteristics (including the education, income, and employment status of both the father and mother), and household characteristics (comprising asset ownership, per capita household expenditure, family size, and the composition of the household, specifically the number of children under five years and those aged five to fifteen). The urban child population stands at 11.7 million, representing 28 % of the total child population, with urban child labour accounting for one-eighth of rural child labour. The findings indicate that child labour in these two districts is primarily driven by low income levels and poverty. Various factors significantly influence households' decisions regarding the allocation of children's time. A key finding of the study indicates that parents tend to favour their sons' education, highlighting the presence of gender bias within the educational system. If the effect of diminishing resources per child prevails, younger siblings (those of higher birth order) are likely to receive less educational support compared to their older siblings. Consequently, older children are more inclined to engage in work-only or school-only activities, while younger children are more often involved in school-only or no school-related activities. Children from female-headed households tend to combine both schooling and work. The education and employment status of the household head and parents adversely affect child labour, whereas they positively influence child education. Additionally, the size of the household shows a positive correlation with labour involvement and a negative correlation with educational attainment for children. The presence of literate adults in the home correlates positively with school-only activities and negatively with work-only and no school-no-work activities. However, the current study indicates that a male head of household has a favourable impact on child education. Women's participation in economic activities is limited due to various socio-cultural factors, resulting in lower income levels for females, which in turn diminishes the likelihood of children from female-headed households receiving adequate educational opportunities.

The Digital Duo: Exploring The Impact of AI Chatbots and Digital Marketing Strategies on Consumer Purchase Intentions in Pakistan’s E-Commerce Sector

2025-01-19T20:07:30+02:00

The rise of e-commerce in Pakistan has stimulated businesses. It has turned to new tools like AI chatbots and digital marketing strategies for increasing consumer participation and stimulating purchasing intent. The aim of this study is to inspect the purchase intention of consumers in the e-commerce sector of Pakistan. On the other hand, the impact of the factors of AI chatbot i.e. responsiveness, usability, perceived trust, responsiveness is explained. Satisfaction illustrates the mediating role of the customer. In the study, data were gathered from 254 respondents through an online survey. Data was analyzed for assessing structural relationships within the model by utilizing SmartPLS 4. The results of the study show that AI chatbots significantly influence purchase intentions of consume with perceived trust, responsiveness, and usability being the most influential factors. Among the strategies of digital marketing, social media is considered the most effective channel for nurturing purchase intent followed by content marketing. On the contrary, marketing through emails did not show a significant impact. Customer satisfaction mediates the relationship between the factors of AI chatbot and strategies of digital marketing with purchase intent. Particularly, through perceived trust and response to AI chatbots and social media for content marketing and digital strategies, however, usage and email marketing did not show any mediation effects. This research provides effective insights for e-commerce businesses in Pakistan. It sheds light on the essentialism of leveraging AI chatbot capabilities and tailored digital marketing approaches for increase customer satisfaction and ultimately purchase intent. As the sector of e-commerce continues to expand, businesses need to focus on such critical areas to remain competitive and meet evolving demands of consumers.

Enhancing Corporate Reputation and Brand Equity through CSR: The Mediating Influence of Consumer Trust

2025-01-19T20:39:33+02:00

The empirical foundation of this study is the perception of Pakistani retail banking industry customers as it relates to CSR initiatives and their effects on two crucial intangible assets and marketing outcomes: referred to as corporate reputation (CR) and brand equity (BE). Through the survey of banking consumers, it was possible to carry out the study with the help of 162 valid responses. To investigate the hypothesis, we applied structural equation modeling—statistical method. Moreover, CSR has a positive influence on the CR in the short and long run. Another finding made is the fact that CSR has no impact on Brand Equity (BE). Furthermore, it is also seen that mediating player trust has significant moderating effect on the relationship between CSR and brand equity and between CSR and corporate reputation. The argued evidence shows that a firm’s reputation and brand equity increases with improved consumers’ trust to the CSR programs. The implications of the results are significant for Pakistani retail banks and indicate that CSR activities can enhance institutions’ reputation.

Influence of Screen Time and Childhood Trauma on Attachment Styles and Emotional Regulation in Adulthood

2025-01-22T20:03:03+02:00

Childhood trauma refers to negative or distressing experiences during childhood, such as abuse, neglect, or loss, which can significantly impact an individual's emotional and psychological development. The purpose of the present work is to examine the effect of screen time habits and childhood mistreatment on the attachment patterns and affect management in adults by targeting a sample of the Lahore City in Pakistan. This study is quantitative in nature with data collected by the use of structured measuring tools on 300 adults. The Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ) and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) were employed to analyze the participants’ attachment patterns as well as the experienced difficulties in regard to emotion regulation. In terms of the quantitative analysis, correlation and regression analyses were used to compare the screen time, childhood trauma, and the effect of these parameters on different types of attachment and on the quality of emotional regulation. Present research evidence suggests direct positive correlations between screen time and childhood trauma, as well as insecure adult attachment patterns, respectively. These findings suggest the desirability of early efforts to target the duration of screen time as well as childhood maltreatment in order to enhance healthy attachment and cope with negative emotions at an adult age.

The Role of Ethnicity in Post-Conflict Peace Building: A Case Study of Rwanda, Bosnia and Sri Lanka

2025-01-22T20:33:38+02:00

This paper examines the role of ethnicity in post-conflict peacebuilding, focusing on Rwanda as a primary case study and drawing comparisons with Bosnia and Sri Lanka. It explores how ethnic divisions, often rooted in colonial legacies, have shaped conflict dynamics and influenced recovery processes. The study delves into Rwanda's post-genocide strategies, including institutional reforms, justice mechanisms, economic reconstruction, and reconciliation programs, highlighting both successes and challenges. The research contrasts Rwanda's approach to the institutionalized ethnic divisions in Bosnia and the majoritarian policies in Sri Lanka, offering insights into the complexities of balancing ethnic identities in peacebuilding. Key lessons emphasize the importance of inclusive governance, equitable resource distribution, grassroots reconciliation, and the integration of justice and economic development in fostering long-term peace. The findings contribute to understanding how ethnic dynamics can either hinder or promote stability in divided societies.

Does Corporate Social Performance Pay Off? Assessing the Impact on Firm Value in Emerging Economy

2025-01-23T06:55:34+02:00

This research study investigates whether corporate social performance influences the firm value of Malaysian firms. This research study focuses on the shortcomings of current literature review by focusing the influence of corporate social performance on firm value of Malaysian firms for the period of 2012-2021. The data is collected from Thomson Reuter Datasteram. In general, corporate social performance and firm value holds an optimistic relationship. The empirical result shows that the outcome of corporate social performance on firm value is positive. Institutional and legitimacy theories criteria serve as an effective foundation for establishing social sustainability. Policymakers and investors must consider these results when formulating economic policies and investment strategies, while enterprises in emerging nations such as Malaysia should recognize the potential implications of these elements and seek appropriate management strategies.

Associations between Social Media Usage and Disordered Eating: Mediated By Body Image Concerns and Moderated By Impulsivity

2025-01-23T19:43:07+02:00

The contemporary research was executed to explore the association amidst use of social media and disordered eating behaviours mediated by concerns about body image and moderated by impulsivity. The sample taken for our research was students of AJK University. Through our research investigation, we attempted to find out the difference of usage of social media, disordered eating behaviours, concerns about body image and impulsivity in proportion to the demographic variables (gender, age, psychological illness). Our research sample was consisted of 300 university students from various departments of university. Social media usage scale (SMUS), body image concerns (BICS), Barrat impulsivity scale revised_21 and eating attitude test (EAT) were implemented on sample students. Our research questionnaire contained 100 items and each questionnaire was administered to sample of 300 students. We used the software of SPSS for analysis of our data. We conducted the analysis of correlation to explore the association between use of social media and disordered eating behaviours and our research findings indicated that there is a positive significant correlation between use of social media and disordered eating behaviours and BICS significantly mediates the association of usage of social media and disordered eating behaviours and BISR significantly moderates association of usage of social media and disordered eating behaviours. The results of SPSS indicated males have higher scores on SMUS, BICS and females have higher scores on impulsivity and eating attitudes. Moreover; younger adults perform higher scores on SMUS, BICS while adolescents perform higher scores on impulsivity and eating attitudes and individuals suffering from psychological illness tend to perform higher on SMUS, BICS, BISR with low eating attitudes than individuals with psychological illness.

Non-Traditional Maritime Security (NTMS) Challenges to the Economic Security of the States in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR): A Case Study of Pakistan

2025-01-23T19:47:12+02:00

Non-traditional maritime security challenges have a substantial impact on the economic security of the coastal and littoral states in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) including Pakistan. All coastal and littoral states of the IOR confront security challenges in their marine zones and areas of responsibility such as illegal immigration, smuggling, narcotics, and climate change for ensuring economic and national security. The objectives of the undertaken research are to examine the impact of NTMS challenges on the economic security of Pakistan, to understand the linkages between non-traditional maritime security challenges and economic vulnerabilities of Pakistan, and to propose recommendations for mitigating non-traditional maritime security challenges. A qualitative and deductive research approach is utilized in this research. it is explanatory in terms of its purpose. Both primary and secondary evidence have been utilized to support the core argument. The resilience theory serves as a theoretical framework for this research.

Emotional Intelligence and Life Satisfaction: A Comparative Study of Male and Female Traffic Wardens in Lahore

2025-01-24T18:28:22+02:00

Traffic wardens in Lahore face numerous challenges in their daily work, including managing stress, dealing with difficult public interactions, and maintaining a high level of job performance. Emotional intelligence (EI) has been identified as a crucial factor in predicting life satisfaction among various occupational groups. This study aimed to investigate the role of EI in predicting life satisfaction among traffic wardens in Lahore. A quantitative research approach was employed, and a sample of 100 traffic wardens was selected through convenient sampling. Scale of Emotional Intelligence Test (SEI) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were used to measure EI and life satisfaction, respectively. Results showed that flexibility is negatively correlated with emotional self-awareness (r= -.068) and with impulse control (r= -.068). Rest all the subscales are positively significant with each other. Additionally, regression analysis revealed that EI was a significant predictor of life satisfaction among traffic wardens (β=.23, t (98) =2.35, p< .05). The result revealed that both life satisfaction and emotional intelligence show positive and significant correlation with each other r= .23, p< .05. Moreover, gender differences are significant between emotional intelligence among male and female traffic wardens. It is also revealed that no significant differences between life satisfactions exists among male and female traffic wardens and life satisfaction is positively predicted by emotional intelligence (β=.23, t (98) =2.35, p< .05).

The Right to be forgotten in the Digital Age: A Pakistani Perspective on Balancing Data Protection & Privacy, Freedom of Expression, and Cyber Security

2025-01-27T10:38:18+02:00

Right to be forgotten also known as data de-listing or de-identification is legal and ethical right providing individuals the right to request the search engine to remove the link to the information that is found when the person's name is searched online. Though its concept has been practiced in the developed countries like the members of European Union, its implementation in the developing country like Pakistan is still in bloom. This paper explores the plausibility, likelihood and consequences of imposing the RTBF within the Pakistani context with spec emphasis to its compatibility with privacy, freedom of speech and cyber security. Lack of proper Data protection laws in Pakistan put the individuals at risk of cyber harassment, and misuse of personal data; tarnishing one's reputation. The Constitution of Pakistan acknowledges the right to privacy to the citizens in article 14 and freedom of speech and expression in article 19 but these rights are not well realized while operating in digital platform. The RTBF could allow people to take back control of their online persona but freedom comes with crucial issues of censorship, transparency and the ability of the regulatory bodies. The study employs doctrinal research strategy that involves empirical and comparative methodology to explore the legal, social, and pragmatic implications of RTBF in social media regulations of Pakistan. The study further reveals that there are legal loopholes that need to be addressed in order to enhance the privacy laws relating to Pakistan particularly in the context of digital environment as there is lack of comprehensive legal protection, overlapping of the regulation and legislation and legal culture, freedom of speech and finally institutional framework. Suggestions include passage of a competently drafted Data Protection Act, better staff and structures, better implementing criteria for RTBF requests, creation of awareness among the citizens regarding their digital rights, involving international organizations in an effort to frame a suitable RTBF framework.

Legal Handling of Child Marriage as a Violation of Human Rights in Pakistan

2025-01-27T11:25:30+02:00

Child wedding is a hurtful practice that persists to defile the fundamental civil rights of heaps of babies, specifically daughters, about the experience. Defined as a wedding or merger before the age of 18, infant wedding frequently bankrupts young things of their infancy, instruction, energy, and immunity, bolstering eras of feminine prejudice, want, and intensity. Despite worldwide civil rights foundations blaming youth merger, it debris extensive, specifically in underdeveloped countries across Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East. This paper analyzes the permissible management of youngster merger as a rape of civil rights, resolving the crossroads of worldwide regulation, internal permissible foundations, and application challenges. International civil rights tools, containing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), definitely understand; juvenile wedding as a breach of infants’ rights. These permissible texts focal point the guardianship of babies from hurtful practices, containing early merger, and insist that minors are helpless of providing conversant allow wedding. Cultural and conscientious standards likewise pose important obstructions to prosecution, as in few domains, offspring merger is considered as an essential habit, frequently shielded or speeded by society directors or conscientious experts. These determinants frequently bring about a lack of governmental will to apply existent societies, in spite of the broad acknowledgment of toddler merger as a defilement of civil rights. Advocacy exertions by worldwide institutions like the United Nations and NGOs have donated to lifting knowledge of the harms provoked by youth wedding. Legal corrects in few nations have favorably raised the merger age to 18 and removed allowable irregularities. However, the boom of these corrects is frequently weakened by break in administration, lacking money for exercise, and opposition from societies that visualize the practice as a public average. Education programs and society-located mediations that include conscientious directors, local influencers, and offspring have existed labeled as key to breaking the phase of teenager merger. This paper intends a versatile approach to trying baby merger, joining permissible corrects, revised prosecution systems, instruction, and society date. It decides that while permissible foundations play an essential duty, they must lie by fuller pertaining to society changes to guarantee the care of offspring’s rights and the removal of kid wedding. The fight against minor wedding is critical for boosting worldwide civil rights, guaranteeing that all toddlers, exceptionally schoolgirls, are intelligent to live empty early merger and allure trenchant results.

Associations between Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Nomophobia: Mediated By Self-Control and Smartphone Addiction among University Students

2025-01-27T19:54:59+02:00

The current study explored the association among the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, nomophobia (fear of being without a smartphone), smartphone addiction, and self-control among students at AJK University. It also examined how these factors vary across sociodemographic factors like cohort and gender identity. A sample of 300 students from various departments participated in the research. They completed questionnaires that included the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction Scale (BPNSS), the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS), the Smartphone Addiction Scale - Short Version (SAS-SV), and the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NQ), comprising a total of 37 items. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). The analysis demonstrated a meaningful negative correlation between the fulfillment of fundamental psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) and nomophobia. Moreover, a substantial positive association was proved between smartphone addiction and nomophobia, while self-control was positively linked to the fulfillment of fundamental psychological needs and negatively related to nomophobia. Gender and age differences were also observed. Female students reported a higher need for relatedness compared to male students, while nomophobia and smartphone addiction were more prevalent among students aged 18–22 than those aged 23 and older. The results suggest that when basic psychological needs are fulfilled, individuals demonstrate better self-control, which in turn helps reduce nomophobic tendencies. This highlights the importance of fostering psychological well-being as a strategy to address smartphone addiction and its related anxieties in today’s digital age.

Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Life Satisfaction: Mediated by Empathy and Moderated by Conflict Resolution Skills

2025-01-28T08:30:50+02:00

This study explores the associations between emotional intelligence, empathy, satisfaction with life, and conflict resolution in a sample of 300 university students (young adults) aged 18–34. Using recognized scales such as the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale, Conflict Resolution Style Inventory, Empathy Concern Scale, and Satisfaction with Life Scale, the study found a noteworthy positive link between emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. Empathy was discovered as a partial mediator in this relationship, enhancing the effectiveness of emotional intelligence by improving emotional awareness. Moreover, conflict resolution was implied to moderate the correlation, strengthening the positive influence of emotional intelligence on life satisfaction. The results emphasize the vital role of emotional intelligence in improving life satisfaction through its effect on both empathy and conflict resolution.

Examining Pedagogical Challenges: Novice Teachers’ Classroom Management Experiences in Urban Public Elementary Schools

2025-01-29T09:37:15+02:00

The purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of the classroom management challenges novice teachers experience in their first year of teaching. In addition, novice teachers experience challenges because of the differences they face in the theory they have studied and the actual class situation that they have to manage. For this purpose, a basic qualitative research design was employed, and in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with novice elementary-secondary school teachers using purposive sampling. The novice teachers who attained a degree in teacher education did their first job in public elementary schools in Lahore and had less than two years of experience, which was the sample of this study. It was found that the majority of the teachers opted for this profession by choice and were satisfied with their job. It was found that they have learned classroom management in teacher education programs, such as developing lesson plans, managing class routines and class rules, monitoring students’ work, and involving students through class participation and activities. The novice teachers developed class rules, prepared in class with content preparation and planned activities, established rapport with students, and roamed around students to monitor their learning. However, novice teachers faced challenges related to students’ behaviors because of high-class strength, unwillingness to learn, disruptive students, and frequent absenteeism from class. Novice teachers could be facilitated by providing support to address these challenges.

The Impact of New Managerialism on Academic Identity and Governance: A Comparative Study of University Cultures in the UK and Pakistan

2025-01-30T09:59:39+02:00

This study explores the impact of New Managerialism on academic identity and governance in higher education institutions, focusing on the UK and Pakistan. New Managerialism, which includes corporate management, performance, measurement, and accountability elements, has been widely practiced in the UK but its effects in developing countries like Pakistan are yet to be fully understood. The study aims to inform the current and future developments of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) within the context of global managership trends. The research uses both qualitative and quantitative research techniques, with samples collected from 30 participants from six universities, three from the UK and three from Pakistan. The study aims to examine the extent to which New Managerialism has impacted the identity and governance of academics in UK and Pakistani universities, compare the responses and adaptations of academics and administrators in both settings, and assess the general implications of change processes on institutional autonomy, academic freedom, and governance. The study finds that New Managerialism has led to new changes in academic identity, with performance indicators and managerial accountability superseding traditional academic values and principles. In the UK, faculty members report a feeling of powerlessness and detachment from their academic identity. In Pakistan, management practices are not well developed, but there is increasing pressure on academics to embrace performance management approaches. The practical implications of this research call for moderation in implementing managerial reforms in higher education. Policymakers and university leaders must note the challenges related to the protection of academic ideals and ensuring that pragmatic directions of managerial processes do not erode the liberties of academics and institutional independence. It is crucial that cultural models implemented by these managerial models exist in tune with regional requirements, encouraging and developing academicians without eradicating academic standards.

Cyber Bullying, Psychological Distress and Quality of Life among Employees: A Correlational Study

2025-01-30T10:03:52+02:00

This research was conducted to investigate the connection between cyber-bullying, psychological distress, and quality of life among employees. For this purpose, a cross-sectional correlational research design was used and a sample of 150 participants was selected through convenient sampling technique from various organizations in Faisalabad city. A demographic sheet, Cyber bully/Victim Scale, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), and Quality of Life Scale (QOLS) were used to collect the data. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The results revealed a significant positive correlation between cyber-bullying and psychological distress and a weak negative correlation with quality of life. Further, the t-test analysis reported similar levels of cyber-bullying in both genders but female employees’ scores were higher on psychological distress and quality of life as compared to male employees. The findings emphasize the need for organizations to implement anti-cyber-bullying policies, accessible support services, and gender-sensitive mental health resources to foster a safer and healthier workplace culture. This study contributes valuable insights into the growing concern of workplace mental health in digitally connected environments.

The Effects of Stress and Glossophobia on University Students' Attitudes toward Learning

2025-01-30T11:23:26+02:00

Stress, a complex mental or emotional pressure resulting from external pressures, and glossophobia (the fear of public speaking) are two factors that play a role in the students’ academic life. The present research focuses on the impact of stress & glossophobia on the learning attitude of university students in Lahore-based universities. Stressing quantitative research methodology, the study seeks to demonstrate the effects of the two factors, stress and glossophobia, on student’s motivation, interactions, and approach to learning. In the course of the study, 200 students were selected with Student Stress and Glossophobia Questionnaire that measures levels of academic stress, public speaking anxiety, and the relationship between both parameters and learning behaviors. The research shows a high positive relationship between stress and glossophobia and a negative attitude towards learning. Stress was correlated with negative effects on the motivation and concentration of students, while glossophobia had an effect on the students’ willingness to engage in class discussions and presentations. The findings have indicated that psychological variables have a significant influence on the students’ academic environment and performance. The study therefore provides suggestions for stress relief management and coping strategies for glossophobia that universities should proceed to incorporate because modifications in student attitude and approach towards learning can clearly enhance performance.

Organizational Culture Dimensions and Employee Commitment: A Correlational Study of Educational Institutions in Pakistan

2025-01-31T19:54:43+02:00

The work environment affects all aspects of an organization and enables people to perform optimally. The current study investigates the relationship between organizational culture dimensions and employee commitment in educational institutions in Pakistan. It was quantitative research with a survey method research design. A convenient sampling technique was used to select 120 teachers and 30 head teachers at secondary schools. For the data collection, a self-developed 25-item questionnaire was used to measure various dimensions of organizational culture and employee commitment. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 20 was used for data analysis with descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation. The findings revealed a strong positive relationship between organizational culture and employee commitment (r=.932), with communication practices showing the strongest dimensional correlation (r=0.72). Moreover, it is indicated that organizational culture is critical in influencing employee commitment. Specifically, effective communication practices, leadership styles, and recognition systems significantly impact employees' emotional and professional attachment to the organization. Organizations should foster transparent communication, recognize employee achievements, and promote collaborative teamwork to enhance commitment. These findings contribute to understanding how organizational culture can be leveraged to improve employee retention and institutional performance in educational settings.

Exploring the Themes of Otherness in the Movie Avatar (2009)

2025-02-01T08:05:33+02:00

This article will explore the concept of "otherness," as articulated by Edward Said in James Cameron’s work Avatar (2009). Through the interaction between the native Na'vi of Pandora and the human colonists, the research explores how the movie depicts the dynamics of power, identity, and cultural representation. The study looks at how the "Other" is constructed and how it affects colonial and exploitative narratives by keeping in view the idea of Edward Said on cultural identification. Using a qualitative methodology encompassing literary analysis, the study examines the film's linguistic and visual components under the lens of postcolonial theory and interrogates power dynamics that sustain marginalization. Situated within the context of contemporary literary discourse and orientalist critiques, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of Cameron's work and its implications for understanding identity clashes and cultural representation. The findings show that by emphasizing the exploitation of Pandora's resources and the dehumanization of the Na'vi, Avatar criticizes colonialism. By critically examining the persistent effects of colonialism in modern media, this study advances our knowledge of how Said's theory of otherness is still applicable to the analysis of contemporary narratives of power and identity.

The Impact of Social Media Usage on Media Literacy and Public Trust: A Quantitative Study among Students in South Punjab, Pakistan

2025-02-04T09:57:29+02:00

Social media has transformed communication, information dissemination, and public interaction, profoundly influencing media literacy and public trust. This study explores the impact of social media usage on media literacy and public trust among students in media studies and political science departments in South Punjab, Pakistan. The objective is to examine how social media shapes critical evaluation skills and trust in institutions. A quantitative, cross-sectional design was employed, with data collected through convenience sampling from 232 participants. A structured questionnaire was used as the primary tool, focusing on social media usage, media literacy, and public trust. Data were analyzed using SPSS for reliability, validity, and regression analysis. Results indicated significant positive relationships between social media usage and media literacy (r = 0.62, p < 0.001) and public trust (r = 0.37, p < 0.001). Regression analysis further confirmed that social media usage significantly predicts media literacy (R² = 0.62) and public trust (R² = 0.37). Despite its contributions, this study has limitations, including its reliance on self-reported data, convenience sampling, and the inability to establish causality. Future directions include longitudinal studies, diverse samples, and exploring moderating factors like digital literacy or cultural influences. These findings emphasize social media’s potential to foster critical skills and trust.

Rethinking Instructional Leadership in Pakistan’s Elite Schools: A Call for Indigenous Leadership Models

2025-02-05T19:02:42+02:00

This opinion paper makes a case for the need to develop indigenous instructional leadership models through Pakistani elite schools that challenge the use of Western leadership models. This reveals some significant cultural misalignments between the imported leadership models and the local educational scenario, needing leadership techniques rooted in Pakistani norms and high academic standards. This paper presents the fundamental building blocks of indigenous models of leadership that are culturally, organisationally, and contextually relevant to Pakistan. We discuss an implementation framework that guides awareness of obstacles and stakeholder roles and underscores the importance of systematic evaluation mechanisms. The study proposes recommendations with respect to policymaking, research initiatives and capacity-building programmes that will facilitate effective transformation. The paper argues that indigenous leadership models could contribute to educational effectiveness by bringing academic excellence and cultural authenticity to educational leadership and potentially influencing educational leadership practices outside elite schools to the advantage of Pakistan’s educational system.

Exploring the Potential of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) as an Effective Remedy for Sextortion

2025-02-05T19:06:20+02:00

Sextortion, has been categorized as a form of cybercriminal activity where a person makes threats of releasing sexual details or material. In the current generation, and the future, sextortion has become rife both globally and in Pakistan. As for the traditional legal means, these are frequently ineffective in addressing such kinds of offenses, and thus, possible ways to apply ADR methods are considered. Sextortion cases make matters more complicated by the fact that victims suffer emotional, social, and psychological abuse. There are legal systems in place today to deal with blackmail and harassment but these are many a times not private, not as fast and lacking in the support that the victim might need. Perhaps, more victim-focused can be such an ‘alternative’ strategy as: The Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) that is characterized by confidentiality, speed, and flexibility. This article explores the possibilities of ADR as solution for sextortion cases in Pakistan by reviewing the existing legislation, evaluating recent sextortion cases in the same country and comparing with the findings of other countries.

Organizational Climate, Job Performance among Special Education Teachers

2025-02-05T19:10:38+02:00

The current investigation examined the organizational climate and job performance among special education teachers. We also looked at the effects of other demographic characteristics about variables above. The research design used in this study was a survey. The sample of the current study consisted of (N=150) special education teachers who were selected using purposive convenient sample techniques. The organizational climate scale or assessing organizational climate: Psychometric properties of the CLIOR scale were developed by Elsa Pena-Suarez, Jose Muniz, Angela Campillo-Alvarez; Eduardo Fonseca Pedrero and Eduardo Garcia-Cueto, job performance scale was developed by William James were used to measure the construct of the present study. Moreover, recommendations for the future were discussed.

Examining ChatGPT Usage Effect on Students’ Engagement, Student Performance and E-learning Satisfaction: Empirical Investigation in Pakistan

2025-02-05T19:13:32+02:00

Higher education transformed traditional learning through integrating ChatGPT, for academic results and student engagement. The investigation follows the empirical approach to analyze how ChatGPT affects student engagement, student performance, and e-learning satisfaction among higher education students. A cross-sectional research study utilized 353 university students through answered adopted questionnaires. Findings indicate that ChatGPT is positively associated with student engagement, student performance, and e-learning satisfaction. The research demonstrates how ChatGPT enhances e-learning satisfaction because it develops customized interactive digital platforms that support varied student learning requirements. AI research verdicts provide vital support to advancing educational discussions about using AI technology in learning environments to improve results and educational practice methods. This analysis demonstrates a need to examine long-term effects along with ethical dimensions in AI-fueled educational systems to guarantee responsible and sustainable integration.

Towards Sustainable Development in South Asian Countries: The Role of Economic Complexity and Globalization on Environmental Pollution

2025-02-05T19:18:13+02:00

In the context of developing economies, this study aims to investigate the insights found in the literature on economic complexity, globalization, and environmental pollution institutions. The available theoretical and empirical literature on the subject is reviewed and summarized in this work. It begins with a summary of Pakistan's environmental contamination, globalization, and economic complexity. By using the theoretical and empirical insights from the published literature, it identifies the literature in the second place. This article also clarified theoretical approaches that explain how and why they function. Third, this paper suggests three useful areas for additional study. By critically examining and combining current environmental theory and research institutions, this work advances the fields of economic complexity, institutions, globalization, and environmental degradation. The rapid urban expansion, there is frequently an increase in the quantity of energy utilized, the amount of trash created, and the amount of pollution produced. In order to lessen the amount of environmental damage that is caused by urban areas, it is essential to implement waste management systems that are both effective and environmentally friendly. This is accomplished via the use of urban planning strategies.

Leadership Styles in the 21st Century: A Comparative Analysis of Transformational and Transactional Leadership

2025-02-06T21:39:41+02:00

This study aims to explore the impact of transformational and transactional leadership styles on employee motivation, well-being, and performance in modern work environments and attempts to compare these two leadership styles and analyze their impact on employee well-being, motivation, and overall productivity in modern organizations. Qualitative methodology is utilized in this research work. The data is gathered through the interviews, focus groups and surveys from selected organizations and regions in Pakistan. The results showed that transformational leadership, specified by trust, communication, and empowerment, prominently improves employee engagement, job satisfaction, and productivity, especially in remote work settings. On the contrary, the transactional leadership which focuses on rewards and penalties has a lesser impact on motivation.

Thriving in the Digital Age: How Self-Compassion, Emotional Resilience, and Online Social Connectedness Shape Young Freelancers' Digital Well-Being

2025-02-06T21:43:20+02:00

This study examined the link between self-compassion and digital well-being among young freelancers, focusing on the mediating role of emotional resilience and the moderating effect of online social connectedness. With Generation Alpha and Millennials increasingly engaged in digital spaces, understanding the psychological factors that influence digital well-being is crucial. Using a quantitative, cross-sectional research design, data were collected from 300 young freelancers (149 men and 151 women) aged 18–35 through convenience sampling. Participants completed validated measures assessing self-compassion, digital well-being, emotional resilience, and online social connectedness. Findings revealed a positive association between self-compassion and digital well-being, with emotional resilience partially mediating this relationship. Additionally, online social connectedness significantly moderated this link, enhancing the beneficial effects of self-compassion on digital well-being. These results emphasize the role of self-compassion and emotional resilience in promoting healthier digital engagement. The study highlights the need for mental health interventions and digital literacy initiatives to support well-being in digital work environments. Future research should explore these relationships longitudinally and develop intervention-based strategies for fostering sustainable digital well-being. This study adds to the growing literature by providing empirical insights into the psychological factors shaping young freelancers' online experiences.

Ecological Footprint and Carrying Capacity of the Agricultural Water-Land-Energy Nexus in China

2025-02-07T22:05:40+02:00

Regarding water and land use, China's farming industry is unrivalled. Energy consumption and carbon production are two sides of the same coin for the agricultural sector. Utilising approaches to agricultural water pollution, biological ecological footprint, energy ecological footprint, and carrying capacity, this research investigates the ecological pressure index of agricultural water-land energy in China and the spatiotemporal patterns of resource depletion. The main results are as follows: There was an upward trend in China's agricultural BEF, reaching almost 66% of the total in 2020. Although it decreased, the ecological impact of PEF (acid runoff from farms) remained high at around 33%. Agricultural energy usage, on the other hand, has the lowest EEF. Over the last 20 years, there has been a 114.663% increase in agriculture's total ecological footprint (TEF) per person. Ecological footprints per hectare of agricultural land ranged from 3.16 to 3.63 hectares. There has been a substantial increase in ecological efficiency in the agricultural sector. Shandong, Henan, and Heilongjiang provinces have among China's highest TEFs. Sichuan, Tibet, and Hunan are the three provinces with the highest agricultural total ecological capacity (TEC). With stress indices (TEF/TEC) of 1.42 and 1.14, respectively, Tianjin and Henan provinces have the highest levels of agricultural ecological stress. Sustainable crop production is hindered because of the significant disparity between the demand for and availability of natural resources in agriculture. In addition to offering strategies and ideas for fostering sustainable agricultural expansion, the results may shed light on the causes and dynamics of resource pressure in agriculture across different eras and regions.

Influence of Entrepreneur Leadership on Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs) Innovation with the Mediating Role of Artificial Intelligence and Employee Ambidexterity

2025-02-08T20:28:30+02:00

Current research on entrepreneurial leadership in small and medium enterprises focuses on innovation with the mediating role of artificial intelligence and employee ambidexterity. This study aim to explore the impact of artificial intelligence and employees' ambidexterity on innovation in small and medium enterprises within the manufacturing sector. The data for this research was collected from small and medium enterprises using convenience sampling. The target organization conducted a survey with managerial-level employees and utilized SEM for data analysis and path analysis. The development of entrepreneurial leadership and small and medium enterprises has greatly contributed to economic development in many countries around the world. This economic development is mainly reliant on innovation in small and medium enterprises. However, despite their significant economic contributions, Pakistan's small and medium enterprises have not received adequate attention in this regard. With the growth of technological advancements and globalization, small and medium enterprises are now striving to enhance their competencies by adopting new know-how to penetrate global markets. This study focuses on innovation by developing a model that investigates the relationship between entrepreneurial leadership and innovation in Pakistan's manufacturing sector, with the aim of promoting the country's economic strength. Public sector entities like SMEs may also be tasked by the government to conduct such training for incumbents, especially in the less educated segment, which forms part of our SMEs.

Bridging the Gap: Exploring Faculty Support for Law Student's Mental Health and Student's Perspective on Faculty Engagement

2025-02-10T11:22:05+02:00

This qualitative study investigates the mental health of law students and their perspectives on faculty engagement. A sample of 10 law students and 05 teachers from the Law Department (academic years 2020–2025) participated in semi-structured interviews. Participants, including both male and female students, represented diverse experiences with faculty. The study focuses on the role of faculty support and engagement in influencing students' mental health, academic performance, and overall well-being. Key findings indicate that faculty approachability, responsiveness, and a supportive classroom atmosphere significantly alleviate academic stress and foster a positive learning environment. However, students also reported unmet expectations, including limited availability of faculty for guidance and insufficient consideration of their mental health needs, which adversely affected their psychological resilience. This research highlights the fault-finding role of faculty in forming students' mental health inside the demanding field of law studies. It involves institutional intentions to increase faculty student relationships through target practice and support programs. By talking the gaps in engagement, this study offers valuable insights into improving the academic and sentimental experiences of law students and emphasizes the significance of prioritizing mental health in university.

Neuroweapon Proliferation, Sixth Domain of Warfare, and IHL

2025-02-10T17:33:41+02:00

The battle for power originates and concludes in our minds, where actuality is perceived and preserved. The constant pursuit of power and influence has led us towards a scientific race to decipher human brain. The evolving arena of neuroweapons has already stared to defy the traditional perceptions as to war. This paper debates on the emergence of sixth domain of warfare – the mind, and how is it likely to alter the military operations and fundamentally change the conflict and warfare. The development and deployment of neuroweapons is expected not only to create unprecedented dangers arising from their misuse but also to disrupt the foundational principles of armed conflict under International Humanitarian Law (IHL). On the basis of the available literature, this paper attempts to access the legality of the future uses of neuroweapons under contemporary framework of IHL.

Exploring Students Perception on the Role of Instagram on Slang Adoption and Dissemination

2025-02-11T14:58:08+02:00

The aim of the study explores students' perceptions of Instagram's role in the adoption and dissemination of slang. Increase in use of social media and the use of Instagram as one of the widely used medium by several students is potentially evident in their day to day use of language. This study reviewed students slang words used in their daily activities, applying quantitative descriptive survey design. By using a self-designed survey, validated by three expert field workers, disseminated online using stratified random sampling technique with at least 10% population from undergraduate students of the seven schools of a private university, the research scrutinized how often Instagram is used by students, what type of content is preferred, and their perception of usage of slang as influenced by Instagram. Additionally, the research investigated the relationship between Instagram use and students' language skills, particularly in terms of the use of slang. The data collected through online survey, this research focused on the intricate communication between Instagram and language use. This helped in identifying and categorizing the shaping of language practices and the role of Instagram, the study has contributed in analyzing the depth of present-day language trends and how it’s changing with the use of social media application for communication. The survey was based on closed-ended questions to collect information from participants’ use of Instagram and their perception of the influence of the platform. The analysis was done using SPSS, findings from the careful analysis of the data helped in making recommendation to educators, linguists, policy makers, language curriculum developers and users of social media platforms to make informed decisions in using social media as responsible young people.

Teacher’s Perceptions of Translanguaging as a Pedagogical Strategy in Multilingual Classrooms in Universities of Sindh

2025-02-11T16:03:05+02:00

The study examines development of translanguaging through the lens of multilingualism. Teachers use translanguaging as an educational strategy that secures positive results by enhancing cognitive development among students in multilingual educational settings. The research investigates university instructor views about translanguaging practices within multilingual learning environments of Sindh Pakistan given that higher education there displays extensive language heterogeneity. University instructors from multiple academic fields participated in the study which used surveys and semi-structured interviews as data collection methods. The researchers studied how teachers perceived translanguaging while discovering their knowledge about benefits against challenges alongside their practice implementation levels. Research indicates that college instructors acknowledge translanguaging as an effective method to improve student learning but institutional language rules together with insufficient professional training prevent its adoption. Educational professionals demand specialized developmental training to provide teachers with translanguaging methods for effective management of multilingual classrooms. The study adds to current research about language education policies by demonstrating methods through which translanguaging can enhance results for multilingual university students.

The Effect of Digital Revolution in Business Operations: A Study of Small & Medium Enterprises in District Malakand and Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

2025-02-11T20:41:14+02:00

In today's intensely competitive business world, companies need to adapt to stay relevant. When it comes to Industry 4.0 and digital transformation, there is currently no time for theoretical discussion or experimental initiatives. The results of this investigation into in what way Industry 4.0 technology disturbs the productivity of Pakistani SMEs are presented. The data was collected from district Malakand and Swat. SPSS multiple regression techniques have revealed that big data, cyber-physical systems & interoperability considerably improve business outcomes. Conversely, the internet of things had very little of an effect. This research offers helpful insights into the fields of Industry 4.0 and digital revolution, but it also suggests new areas of investigation and provides a foundation for further research. Since there hasn't been much research done in this field, the results will assist managers in defending their company's investments in IT infrastructure. Moreover, policymakers should make use of the current findings to create suitable plans for enhancing absorption capacities and building human capital in a digital environment that is always evolving. All things considered, this study broadens our knowledge of how businesses may leverage Industry 4.0 technology to attain sustained growth and competitiveness. By adopting these advancements, businesses in Pakistan can maintain an advantage over their rivals.

Evaluating the Impact of Financial Literacy and Cyber Security Perceptions on Customer Satisfaction with Online Banking Services in Pakistan

2025-02-12T22:26:16+02:00

Online banking is a source of executing all banking operations on a virtual basis; that means there is no need to visit the bank physically for any transaction or payment against utilities. This research has explored the scope of online banking in Pakistan, focusing on how depositors' behaviors influence their adoption of online banking services. The present study, therefore, has attempted to give an idea about the factors responsible for the engagement of users and their satisfaction in digital banking platforms in this context. The data used in this paper is primary in nature and has been collected through a structured survey with questionnaires from 234 participants comprising a diverse sample of students, professionals, and ordinary citizens. The research findings revealed that Cyber Security was the most influencing factor upon customer satisfaction; there was also a high correlation between perceived security measures and good user experiences. This result gave the leading role of robust security protocols a great significance in gaining confidence and encouraging people to use online banking services. In contrast, the influence of Financial Literacy on the level of satisfaction with online banking was statistically insignificant; while financial education is very important, it is not as central in shaping the user experience, at least when questions of security dominate. The findings of this study revealed that financial institutions in Pakistan need to give consideration to the enhancement of security and addressing customer's data protection concerns in order to develop a better level of satisfaction and increase online banking adoption. The non-significant influence of Financial Literacy suggests that further research is required for a better understanding of how financial literacy interacts with other influences on online banking. Future research should give more attention to these relationships and also consider the possible indirect influences of financial literacy on user engagement in the services of digital banking.

Bridging Learning and Technology: How Digital Platforms Impact Academic Performance

2025-02-13T21:50:11+02:00

Digital learning platforms' growing presence in educational systems has transformed conventional teaching methods and provided students with learning environments that prioritize flexibility and access. The research analyzes how digital learning platforms affect student academic performance by exploring learning engagement as a mediating factor and digital literacy as a moderating factor. The study gathered data from 300 university students who used digital learning tools through a survey-based research design. The research team applied structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the validity of the study's hypotheses. Digital learning platforms have a significant positive impact on academic performance as indicated by β = 0.495 and p = 0.000 and learning engagement partially mediates this effect with β = 0.121 and p = 0.001. The study demonstrates that students who possess advanced digital literacy skills experience more substantial benefits from digital learning tools as evidenced by the statistical relationship (β = 0.062, p = 0.044). The study demonstrates that learning outcomes can be maximized through the combination of interactive learning approaches to improve engagement alongside enhanced digital literacy programs and the reduction of digital access gaps. Educators, policymakers, and technology developers should use these findings to create digital education systems that reach all learners with engaging and effective content. Longitudinal studies and additional mediating factors need further examination alongside the impact of emerging technologies to improve digital learning experiences.

HR Professional’s Intention to Adopt and Use of Artificial Intelligence in Recruiting Talents within Pharmaceutical Industry of Pakistan

2025-02-14T08:20:04+02:00

This study aims to investigate HR professional’s intentions to use artificial intelligence (AI) for talent recruitment in Pakistan’s pharmaceutical industry. The present investigation has been done within the Pakistani setting, employing the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) as a framework. influence, facilitation condition, intention to use and actual use of AI. Drawing upon the understanding of research technique, the study employed a quantitative research approach that stayed faithful to the positivism paradigm. As for now, there is no clear evidence that Pakistan’s pharmaceutical industry officially planning to implement AI in its recruitment process. Thus, this study happens to investigate the HR Professional’s Intention to Adopt and Use of Artificial Intelligence in Recruiting Talents within the pharmaceutical industry of Pakistan. Moreover, the research opts for convenience sampling where the target population has been defined as HR professionals practicing in the pharmaceutical organizations such as Martin Dow, AGP Limited and PharmEvo Private Limited. An online questionnaire survey has been used to get 100 responses from the users. In addition to SPSS for analysing the demographic data, the researcher employed SmartPLS and select PLS-SEM as model type for assessing the constructs. Moreover, the results validated that Effort Expectancy, Facilitating Conditions, and Social Influence have a strong impact on Intention to Use, organizations need to concentrate on these aspects to promote AI. These results correspond with prior studies that also identified such associations in other settings including ERP systems, mobile banking, m-health services. The verification of most of the hypothesis concerning AI adoption in the domain of HR recruitment shows the usefulness of the UTAUT model and its appropriateness to predict technology acceptance patterns in various fields. However, the major limitation is the collection of data via HR professionals who belongs to Karachi in majority.

AI-Powered Reading Support for Multilingual Learners in Higher Education: A Critical Review

2025-02-14T18:51:02+02:00

The objective of this research was to explore challenges of multilingual learners which are confronted in regard to reading comprehension, vocabulary growth, and retention of all curriculum content. These challenges have given rise to innovative solutions such as Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered reading support systems that offer adaptive, personalized, and interactive learning experiences. This study looks into how AI-based reading tools (i.e., machine translation, speech-to-text, text-to-speech, and intelligent annotation systems) can support multilingual students' reading proficiency on the teaching and learning contexts. Through a mixed-methods approach, the study highlights the potential benefits of AI-driven reading support in enhancing the comprehension, engagement, and academic achievement of multilingual learners. It also investigates students’ perceptions of AI-assisted reading and its effects on their agency in learning. The results show that AI tools improve reading fluency and comprehension at scale by providing real-time, language-level support, contextual translations, and text recommendations. This study adds to the discussion around AI in education, providing insights on the pedagogical implications of employing AI-powered reading support in multilingual contexts within higher education settings. It also offers recommendations for educators and policymakers on using AI to help create more inclusive and accessible learning environments.

Interrogating Patriarchy in Contemporary Pakistani Fiction: A Feminist Analysis of Sabyn Javeri’s Nobody Killed Her

2025-02-15T19:33:39+02:00

This research explores Nobody Killed Her by Sabyn Javeri from Feminist perspective and examines the notion of patriarchy in recent fiction from Pakistan. By doing so, it aims to investigate how representation of patriarchy gain ground and traversed through socio-cultural matrix. A political thriller, in the novel power, gender oppression, women’s systemic marginalization in a patriarchal society are intricately interwoven. Using feminist literary theory as an interpretive paradigm, this work examines how Javeri weaves female agency and resistance into a patriarchal sociopolitical context. The research employs feminist literary theory, especially Radical Feminism, Postmodern Feminism and Postcolonial Feminism as its theory to study Nobody Killed Her. The study explores how power relationships, female ambition and an interconnection of gender and politics influence women’s experiences. It also interrogates how the novel questions or reinforces traditional gender norms, looking at the protagonist’s struggles against cultural and institutional structures. The findings point to the novel’s subversive approach to narrative dynamics, the complexity of female solidarity and the restrictive roles for women who seek autonomy and leadership. This study highlights the importance of fiction as a medium of resistance against the entangled gender hierarchies of Pakistan.

Impact of Disaggregated Industries' Exports on Economic Growth in China

2025-02-16T19:15:03+02:00

This research analyzes the influence of agricultural, manufacturing, and service exports on China's economic progress in both the short-term and long-term. The findings demonstrate that while every one of the export sectors positively influence development, manufacturing exports possess the most substantial long-term effect, underscoring the significance of industrialization and technical advancement. Agricultural exports, although advantageous, have a comparatively little impact due to minimal value creation and price instability, but the growing importance of service exports indicates China's fundamental shift towards a knowledge-based economy. The substantial error correcting mechanism indicates that China's economy rapidly adapts to discrepancies from equilibrium. Policy proposals include bolstering industrial competitiveness, fostering service sector growth, augmenting agriculture value addition, and sustaining trade openness. These results underscore the necessity for diversified exports, innovation-fueled growth, and economic resilience, therefore securing China's enduring worldwide economic supremacy and future prosperity.

Religious Presentation in Pakistani TV Dramas: A Comparative Discourse Analysis of Pakistan Television and Hum Television Dramas

2025-02-19T17:47:14+02:00

This study examines the discourses, its treatment and dimension in Pakistani television dramas regarding the representation of religion which is considered as the most important phenomenon among all the societies. PTV and HUM TV dramas are selected for exploring the representation of religion and the discourse being constructed by this portrayal. As a quantitative research methodology, the data is collected with the help of content analysis. The researcher draws the sample on the basis of two stage sampling techniques. The stratified sampling technique was considered as sample unit 1 (SU1) while the simple random sampling technique was denoted as sample unit 2 (SU2). The framing analysis (Modigliani, 1989) of religion suggested that most of the dramas were based on social issues rather than religious topics. Furthermore, the postulates of narrative analysis (Riessman, 2005) helped researchers in the construction of coding categories. The results of this research study show that the role of religion as a code of life is very infrequent. Additionally, this project explores the ideological implication of the religious discourses constructed in the dramas within the Pakistani society in the post 9/11 context.

Blockchain Technology in the Food Supply Chain: Empirical Evidence from Punjab Province of Pakistan

2025-02-20T17:00:39+02:00

The food supply chain in Punjab, Pakistan, faces numerous challenges, including inefficiencies, lack of transparency, and food safety concerns. Block chain technology has emerged as a promising solution to enhance traceability, security, and efficiency in supply chain management. This study examines the impact of block chain adoption in the food supply chain through empirical evidence from Punjab province. A mixed-method approach, including surveys and case studies, was employed to analyze stakeholders' perceptions, benefits, and challenges associated with block chain implementation. The findings suggest that block chain enhances transparency, reduces fraud, and improves consumer trust by enabling real-time track Indofood products. However, challenges such as high implementation costs, lack of technical expertise, and regulatory hurdles hinder its widespread adoption. The study concludes that while block chain technology offers significant potential for revolutionizing Punjab’s food supply chain, addressing infrastructure and policy-related barriers is crucial for its successful implementation.

Redefining Identity: A Critical Analysis of Transgender Representation in Khuda Mera Bhi Hai

2025-02-22T14:28:52+02:00

This study examines the representation of transgender individuals in the popular Pakistani drama series Khuda Mera Bhi Hai (2016), aired on ARY Digital. The study investigates how Pakistani dramas portray the challenges faced by transgender people and advocate for gender equality. Using queer theory as a theoretical framework, the research analyzes how transgender characters are socially constructed and represented in Pakistani media. The study employs a descriptive qualitative research method, analyzing dialogues featuring transgender characters from YouTube. The character of Noor serves as a key focus, illustrating the real-life struggles of transgender individuals in society. The study adds to the larger conversation on gender inequality and media representation by demonstrating how television dramas can question and uphold social standards. The findings reveal that while Khuda Mera Bhi Hai sheds light on the hardships faced by transgender people, it also perpetuates certain stereotypes, offering both a critique and a reflection of the real-life issues transgender individuals endure. This research provides important insights into the role of media in shaping public perceptions of gender and identity in Pakistan.