Journal for Social Science Archives

Situational Handling and Emergency Preparedness in Schools: A Study of Students’ Perceptions and Readiness

Shafqat Ibrahim, Dr. Sidra Kiran, Dr. Muhammad Usman Dar, Wajid Mahnaz — Wed, 02 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Natural hazards pose significant threats to human societies, impacting lives, infrastructure, and economies worldwide. These hazards, including earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and wildfires, have intensified in frequency and severity due to climate change and environmental degradation. The ability to effectively handle such situations is crucial, especially for vulnerable populations such as school students, who may lack the experience and resources to respond adequately. The study aimed at “Situational Handling and Emergency Preparedness in Schools: A Study of Students’ Perceptions and Readiness”. The objectives of the study were, 1) To investigate the current status of disaster management training during earthquake at school level. 2) To measure the attitude of school employees towards the need of disaster management training during earthquake at school level. 3) To measure the attitude of students towards the need of disaster management training during earthquake at school level. The population for this research comprised employees working in higher secondary schools in the Rawalpindi/Islamabad area who are involved in disaster management, including both trained and untrained personnel, for the academic year 2023–2025. In the study, the sample size was expanded to increase the robustness and generalizability of the findings. The total population remained the same, comprising 1,480 students and 300 teachers. The sample included 148 students and 30 teachers, with a total sample size of 178 participants. Similar to the pilot study, the final study also achieved a 100% response rate. Since the findings indicate a lack of confidence and engagement in disaster preparedness, with 100% opposing mandatory training, 90% finding sessions unengaging, and 67% perceiving no collaboration with local emergency services, hence it is recommended that schools redesign disaster training programs to be interactive, engaging, and compulsory while fostering partnerships with emergency response agencies to improve preparedness efforts.

Teachers’ Perceptions of the Status and Effectiveness of Career Counseling Services at the Elementary Level

Dr. Sidra Kiran, Zainab Waheed, Humna, Wajid Mahnaz — Wed, 02 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This quantitative study aims to investigate Teachers’ Perceptions of the Status and Effectiveness of Career Counseling Services at the Elementary Level, with the intention of influencing elementary school policy and practice. Career counseling is regarded as a very important element for students. Teachers' perceptions of the need for career counselling services at the elementary school level are examined in this study, with a focus on the link between their opinions and their perceptions. Two primary goals serve as the foundation for this study: 1) to examine the perception of teachers towards the current status of career counseling services at elementary level and 2), to identify the perception of teachers towards the need of career counseling services at elementary level .Quantitative research design used in the present study. 378 elementary public school teachers and 44 public school were overall population of the study at sector Nilore Islamabad. Target population was 180 elementary public school teachers. Sample of the pilot study was 21 elementary public school teachers from 6 public elementary school. Final study of sample was 123 elementary public school teachers from 35 public elementary schools at sector Nilore Islamabad were selected. Simple random sampling technique was used for the selection of sample from public elementary schools. Questionnaire was developed and distributed among teachers in order to collect data. According to 87.0% of respondents, a significant percentage believe that career counselling services are crucial for supporting and improving academic achievement for both boys and girls. The broad belief that career advice is crucial for fostering students' future success is demonstrated by the 84.3% of respondents who agreed. There is broad agreement on the importance of career counselling, as seen by the 83.6% of respondents who agreed. 74.7% shows that there is broad agreement about the need of offering counselling services tailored to a student's gender in order to better meet their unique needs for career development. According to 72.6% of respondents (Agree + Strongly Agree), career counselling programs are essential in reducing elementary school pupils' likelihood of committing crimes. Very few people answered 1.4 percent (2 individuals) strongly disagree. According to 2.1% (3 respondents), there is minimal opposition to the idea that career coaching aids students in overcoming their challenges. The results showed that although teachers acknowledge the value of career counselling in promoting students' growth and directing their future goals, many of them claim a dearth of official programs and inadequate training. Their views of the need for improved counseling services are influenced by this disparity. The study comes to the conclusion that in order to effectively assist students in their career exploration, career counseling has to be improved via focused professional development and resource allocation. To build a supportive atmosphere for professional development in primary school, recommendations include putting in place training programs for teachers, setting up organized counseling services, and encouraging community involvement.

How Does Servant Leadership Affect Extra-Role Customer Service Behavior in the Hotel Business: Role of Sensitivity to Treatment

Dr. Abdul Rauf Qureshi, Dr. Tayyba Mirza, Dr. Shrafat Ali Sair, Dr. Aamir Sohail — Wed, 02 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Extra-role customer service behavior is presently the root that helps hotels' ability to compete. Grounded on conservation theory this study investigates that servant leadership encourages extra-role customer service behavior among hospitality frontline employees through the intervening of work engagement and moderation of sensitivity to others treatment. We collected the study data in two waves by surveying 305 working for one-to-three-star hotels. Results confirm that servant leadership influences work engagement, ultimately contributing to explaining their extra-role customer service behavior. Results support the contingent impact of sensitivity on the hypothesized relationship. Our study offers guidance to practitioners on how to best implement servant leadership in order to encourage Extra-role customer service behavior.

Perceived Social Support Predict Emotional Intelligence among College Teachers

Hina Jabbar, Ayesha Mubeen — Thu, 03 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Emotional intelligence is a perilous factor for supporting high achievement, retaining, and optimistic behavior as well as enlightening life success. The goal of this study is to see the impact of perceived social support on emotional intelligence among college teachers. 300 teachers (M=179 and F=121) of different (public and private) colleges of Multan District participated in this study. To test hypotheses analysis of variance, t-test and regression analysis was used. Results of this study indicated the perceived social support predicts emotional intelligence among teachers but there is no difference on the basis of demographical variables like marital status.

Measuring Teacher Educators’ Beliefs Regarding Professional Standards of Teacher Education in Pakistan: Development and Initial Validation of a Scale

Dr. Farah Deeba, Dr. Iqbal Ahmad, Muhammad Shahzad Naseem — Thu, 03 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study was conducted for developing and initially validating a reliable and valid scale for measuring professional standards in teacher education of Pakistan from the perspectives of teacher educators. Data were collected from 300 teacher educators from Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhaw and Federal Capital Islamabad. Exploratory factor analysis was used as a technique for initial validation to determine the dimensionality of the scale. Based on literature review a 60 items scale named Professional Standards of Teacher Education Scale (PSTES) was developed based on the national teacher education professional standards set by the government of education in collaboration with USAID for the enhancement of quality of teacher education in the country. The factor analysis identified a 10-factor scale representing the 10 dimensions of the professional standards of teacher education. The results strongly supported the hypothesized 10 factor scale model of the study. The scale may be used for measuring the beliefs about quality of teacher education professional standards in Pakistan and elsewhere. It is suggested that the scale may be tested in other context for further validation.

Examining the Influence of User-Generated Content on Brand Loyalty: Mediating Role of Customer Satisfaction in the Fashion Industry

Sohaib Uz Zaman, Farayha Siraj, Syed Hasnain Alam — Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study examines the impact of User-Generated Content (UGC) Engagement on Brand Loyalty (BL) and Customer Satisfaction (CS) in the Pakistani business sector. The research further explores the mediating role of Customer Satisfaction in the relationship between UGC Engagement and Brand Loyalty and the moderating effect of Perceived Online Familiarity (POF). A quantitative research design was employed, with data collected from 260 respondents using a structured questionnaire. The results, analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), confirm that UGC Engagement significantly influences Brand Loyalty and Customer Satisfaction. Additionally, Customer Satisfaction mediates the relationship between UGC Engagement and Brand Loyalty, while Perceived Online Familiarity moderates the effect of UGC Engagement on Brand Loyalty. These findings highlight the significance of UGC as a strategic tool for enhancing customer experiences and brand loyalty in the Pakistani market. The study provides practical implications for businesses, emphasizing the importance of leveraging UGC in marketing strategies to foster strong consumer-brand relationships.

Credit Supply Response to Monetary Policy: Evidence from Pakistan

Dr. Nasir Munir, Dr. Zoya Wajid Satti, Muhammad Omair khan, Naila Zulqarnain — Sat, 05 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The research analyzes the effects of monetary policy on banking credit supply in Pakistan by filling a significant research gap by simultaneously studying bank-specific qualities combined with macroeconomic elements from an emerging economic perspective. The study incorporates 24 Pakistani commercial banks and 17 years of data through GMM analysis to assess how monetary instruments shape loan decision-making by banking institutions. During analysis, the study employs bank-specific metrics like size and liquidity, capital adequacy and profitability, credit risk metrics, and macroeconomic elements such as GDP growth and inflation. The research shows that banks use inflation-sensitive behaviors to raise funding supply during monetary contractions, increasing credit availability. Strong capital positions and sufficient reserve liquidity increase lending abilities of financial institutions on top of larger banking scale. Economic stability that includes GDP growth promotes increased credit expansion although inflation generates risk-adjustment behavior that leads to caution among lenders. This study establishes the existence of the bank lending channel (Bernanke & Gertler, 1995) in Pakistan by showing that profitability supply-side motives dominate typical demand-side limitations. The findings support the need to establish monetary frameworks which unite institutional differences with structural weaknesses and cyclic movements of the economy. This research provides developing economies with actionable policy frameworks by analyzing bank attributes and policy instruments' interactions while maintaining macroeconomic stability. It enhances worldwide discussions about monetary transmission in developing economies.

Paternalistic Leadership and Employee Creativity: The Mediation Role of Perceived Organizational Support and Justice

Muhammad Tayyab, Saba Saira, Dr. Imran Shareef — Sun, 06 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study aimed at investigating the influence of paternalistic leadership on employees’ creativity in the mediation role of perceived organizational support and justice in the context of telecommunication sector of Pakistan. A structured questionnaire was employed to collect data from lower, middle and upper level employees from different organizations of telecommunication sector. The collected data was analyzed through regression analysis by employing four steps proposed by Baron and Kenny, (1986). The findings of this study revealed that paternalistic leadership has both direct as well as indirect effect on employees’ creativity in the mediation role of perceived organizational support; however, the mediation effects of perceived organizational justice is not proved. Future researchers are recommended to evaluate the impact of three dimensions of paternalistic leadership on employees’ creativity, instead of assessing combined effect.

Influence of Co-production on Customer Loyalty in Financial Services: The Role of Communication, Client Expertise, Commitment and Internal Justices

Muhammad Sajjad Hussain, Zaib Zafar, Haroon Ghazanfar — Wed, 16 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Customer loyalty has become a significant element for the success of organizations around the globe, and this aspect demands new literature and policymakers’ emphasis. Hence, the present article investigates the impact of interactional justice, communication, affective commitment and client expertise on the co-production and co-production role on customer loyalty related to financial services of the Islamic banks in Malaysia. The study also examines the mediating role of co-production among predictors and customer loyalty and also investigates the moderating role of trust among co-production and customer loyalty. The study collected data from the customers of Islamic banks in Malaysia using survey questionnaires. The study also checks the data reliability and relationships among constructs using smart-PLS. The outcomes indicated that interactional justice, communication, affective commitment and client expertise have a positive association with co-production, and co-production has a positive impact on customer loyalty related to the financial services of the Islamic banks in Malaysia. The outcomes also exposed that the trust also positively moderated among co-production and customer loyalty related to financial services of the Islamic banks in Malaysia. The study guides the policymakers in making policies related to achieve customer loyalty using effective communication, client expertise, trust, commitment and internal justice.

Role of Corporate Governance Internal Mechanism and CSR on Enhancing Firm Performance: Evidence from Pakistan

Dr. Tahmeena Bibi, Badr Mohay-Ul-Din Bhutta, Dr. Tahreem Baloch, Tuba Ghani — Wed, 16 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The corporate business faces escalating social and competitive challenges in today's worldwide economy. Literature has revealed the existence of several internal disciplining mechanisms of corporate governance that are hypothesized as factors influencing firm performance. This paper reviews the theoretical and practical research on internal mechanisms of corporate governance, especially dividend payouts, CSR, environmental strategy, transformational leadership and firm performance. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of leadership and environmental strategy in CSR and firm performance. Data were collected from managers of Pakistani financial analysis businesses. The ultimate sample size was 100, and data was collected through a questionnaire. This study found empirical evidence that favors an internal mechanism and CSR affecting firm performance, transformational leadership, and environmental strategy serve as a mediator among firm performance and CSR. Moreover, this research keen analysis on the previous studies related to CSR in emerging economies. Firms, policymakers, and practitioners may make efforts to enhance their CSR practices. Overall, we draw the conclusion that socially responsible corporate enterprise endeavors have a higher chance of success in Pakistan.

Space and Time: Narrative Analysis of Najdi’s Selected Short Stories

Ifrah Naz, Zareena Qasim, Aisha Umar — Thu, 17 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This research presents a narrative analysis of selected short stories of Bijan Najdi by using Fowler-Upensky’s model of point of view, aiming to shed light on the significance of spatial and temporal perspectives in shaping the narratives and exploring their impact on the lives of characters. The selected four selected short stories are A Rainy Tuesday (2019), Trusted to Earth (2021), Pool of Nightmares (2020), and An American Indian in Astara (2019). The research objectives revolve around examining the role played by time and place in the selected short stories and their significance in character development. The findings indicate that Najdi skillfully employs spatial descriptions and locative expressions to create immersive settings, while temporal markers add depth to the narratives by exploring past and present. Through this analysis, this research provides a deeper understanding of Najdi's modern writing technique. The interplay of spatial and temporal perspectives contributes to the multi-dimensional nature of the stories, presenting a compelling portrayal of human experiences amidst various contexts. It underscores the enduring power of storytelling as a means to reflect on the human condition, societal dynamics, and the quest for meaning in a complex world.

Female Body and Sexuality as a Site for Feminist Resistance in Postcolonial Caribbean Perspective in Jamaica Kincaid’s Novel Lucy

Muhammad Karim Akhtar — Thu, 17 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This paper explores how the Caribbean young women in the novel Lucy (1990) resist the conventional Caribbean upbringings by using their bodies. Lucy in Kincaid’s novel brushes off all the Caribbean decencies and righteousness that define the restrictions of female sexuality anticipating and returning men’s sexual advances. The central character, Lucy, in the novel ascertains that only sex cannot emancipate her from societal restriction, and that she has further closeness to the Caribbean principles and society than she comprehended. Fictional illustrations of Caribbean moral and ethical prospects of the sexualities of women are studied by means of their involvement into sexual activities. Lucy routines sex as an element of her shift towards emotional mellowness. This paper attempts to explore the female body and sexuality in postcolonial Caribbean perspectives by analyzing the female body as a site for feminist resistance. She revolts against the conventional female structure and Caribbean norms by initiating sex with the young boy, so she overcomes these barriers of tradition and history. The female body then turns out to be the place of confrontation for gaining control over the patriarchal mindset. Lucy’s corporeal space comes to be the solitary option for combating and confronting colonial patriarchal structures. It shows that literally every feature of female individuality and attempt for freedom and self-determination is influenced by the restraints of female sexuality. Lucy’s choice of debasing the significance of her body as an act of resistance examines the ways by which a female’s body functions as an act of defiance to oppressive Caribbean patriarchal structures.

Critical Appraisal of Alternative Dispute Resolution in the Legal System of Pakistan

Asim Arslan Ahmad — Fri, 18 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study will enlighten the integration of alternative dispute resolution in the legal system of Pakistan, as conflict resolution has been an important factor for the progress of societies. The changes in the legislation of Pakistan will be discussed in the qualitative research methodology, that how Pakistan has undergone certain changes in its legal system for the implementation of Alternative Dispute Resolution. The Pakistani legal framework regarding this is divided into two different phases: before and after 2010. The legislation after 2010 was a milestone covered by the legislature for the adoption and implementation of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) and recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards. ADR is also introduced in the taxation laws of Pakistan for deciding the tax disputes of the taxpayers in an amicable way.

The Role of AI-Driven Decision Intelligence in Enhancing Business Sustainability and Social Impact: A Moderated-Mediation Model

Hafiza Khizra Massab, Hafiza Al Haya Sarfaraz, Zeeshan Malik — Sat, 19 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Purpose: The study aims to review the role of AI-driven decision intelligence in enhancing business sustainability and social impact using a mediated model review. AI plays an essential role in meeting the challenges of the workplace and facilitating leaders in decision-making to avoid risks and failure.

Method: The study has adopted a primary quantitative method where data has been collected from a set of 150 samples using a Google survey form online. The data has been converted into statistical facilitation and Excel analysis into tables and displays with the help of smart PLS software.

Finding: The results show that AI has a positive and pragmatic impact on driving good decision-making to enhance business sustainability and have a positive impact on social aspects. All the hypotheses have been proved and mentioned a positive impact which shows that the aim of the study for AI-driven decision intelligence has been achieved to show a positive impact on social impact and business sustainability context.

Recommendations: the study has positive implications for the managers and policymakers where they can explore good facilitation ideas using AI-driven decision-making to avoid risk and handle challenges in a business sustainability context with a positive social context.

The Rise of AI-Driven Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) Brands: Personalization, Customer Retention, and Competition with Traditional Retailers

Muhammad Abdul Rehman, Iqra Sajid, Sapna Abid, Dr. Osama Ali, Amjid Khan — Sun, 20 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The paper investigates AI's revolutionary effects on DTC brands across areas of personalized service and retaining customers and competing against conventional retailers. The analysis examines AI-related strategic improvements of consumer involvement and commercial results together with AI implementation barriers in retail operations. This research used a mixed-method design to integrate numerical survey data obtained from 300 internet consumers with extensive interviewed feedback from marketing experts and AI specialists. Additional information collected from industry reports together with academic literature helped to support the research results. According to customer feedback, implementing recommendation engines, predictive analytics, and chatbots produces significant benefits for personalisation and customer retention. DTC brands demonstrate greater innovative capabilities and digital contact than traditional retailers but the latter lead in logistics operations and consumer trust. More than half of respondents (62%) reported concerns about data privacy in relation to ethical matters. The paper demonstrates how AI functions equally as marketing innovation promoter and ethical dilemma source in marketing strategies. Traditional retailers need to employ AI strategically because DTC brands obtain agility and market insight through these competitors. The study endorses brands to strike an equilibrium between personalization and transparency when working with customers. Research needs to analyze both short-term and long-term effects of AI on consumer trust and loyalty while extending the study to additional business sectors after e-commerce.

Unravelling E-Service Quality in E-Banking: Pathways to E-Satisfaction and E-Loyalty

Muhammad Farrukh, Adnan Akhter, Mutahher Ahmed, Ahmad Abdul Rahman — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This research aims to investigate the quality of electronic banking (e-banking) services and their impact on electronic satisfaction (e-satisfaction) and electronic loyalty (e-loyalty). A complete examination of the literature on service quality, e-banking, and customer satisfaction was conducted to develop a conceptual framework for the study. The study employed a survey method to collect data from 400 e-banking customers, and structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the data. The results disclose that e-service quality positively influences e-satisfaction and e-loyalty. Moreover, e-satisfaction is the mediator in relationship between e-service quality and e-loyalty. The work donates to the present literature by highlighting the importance of e-service quality in enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty within the e-banking sector. The results have substantial implications for e-banking managers and policymakers, as they can utilize the results to enhance the service quality and improve satisfaction of customer and loyalty.

From Juridical Idealism to Institutional Decay: The Rule of Law Conundrum

Bisma Tariq Mehmood — Mon, 28 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This article examines the rule of law as a foundation of Pakistan’s legal and constitutional system, endorsing fairness, accountability, and judicial independence. However, its enforcement is often weakened by political influence, inefficiencies in the judiciary, and unfair application of laws. Weak institutions, long court delays, and government overreach further reduce legal certainty and public trust in the justice system. The 26th Constitutional Amendment has raised serious concerns about judicial independence by changing how judges are appointed and increasing the risk of political control over the judiciary. This article also looks at how Pakistan’s legal system aligns with international laws while highlighting repeated challenges in its implementation. Outdated laws, unfair enforcement, and lack of transparency in the judicial process create governance issues and limit access to justice. The absence of fair judge appointments, proper legal aid, and strong accountability measures makes the situation worse. This article finally suggests the need for institutional reforms to protect judicial independence, improve court efficiency, and introduce digital case management. Strengthening alternative dispute resolution (ADR), protecting marginalized groups, creating independent oversight bodies, and increasing public legal awareness would help uphold the rule of law. A truly independent judiciary, clear separation of powers, and a strong commitment to protecting fundamental rights are necessary for a stable democracy. Without urgent reforms, the decline of judicial fairness and legal equality will continue, weakening Pakistan’s governance and social justice system.

Effects of ICT on Teaching and Learning Environment at Secondary School Level: A Secondary School Head Teachers’ Perspective

Dr. Muhammad Aqeel Raza, Najam Abbas, Fayyaz Ahmad — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The current research study investigates the effect of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on the teaching and learning environment at the secondary school level with respect to head teacher perspective. The main objectives of the study were to explore the use of ICT in daily life and to highlight its role in the teaching and learning process. The design of study was survey type and quantitative in nature. The population consisted of 201 high school head teachers. A sample of 133 Head teachers was selected for the study. The self-developed research instrument i.e., Likert scale was physically delivered to respondents to collect data. Data was analyzed by using both descriptive statistics (frequency, percent, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (T-test and ANOVA). The findings revealed a strong positive impact of ICT on the teaching and learning environment. ICT was found to enhance the effectiveness of teaching methods and improve student engagement and learning outcomes. Findings of the study identified the need for more resources and training to help head teachers effectively use ICT in the classroom at high school levels. Head teachers who wish to improve their ICT teaching skills should be provided with further support and professional development opportunities. Further studies in this domain should be qualitative and at college and university level.

Resolving Civil-Commercial Disputes through Mediation in Pakistan: Legal Framework, Sector-Specific Application, and Digital Trends

Daniyal Shoukat — Thu, 01 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Mediation is increasingly recognized as an efficient and cost-effective alternative to litigation for resolving civil-commercial disputes. This paper examines the role of mediation in Pakistan, analyzing its legal framework, sector-specific applications, and emerging digital trends. The study differentiates mediation from litigation and arbitration, detailing the mediation process, enforceability of settlements, and the roles of mediators and lawyers. It evaluates Pakistan’s legal landscape, including constitutional and statutory provisions, institutional mechanisms, and judicial efforts to promote mediation. The research highlights mediation’s application in corporate, intellectual property, and taxation disputes, along with cross-border implications and global best practices. Additionally, it explores digital mediation trends, such as Online Dispute Resolution (ODR), showcasing technology’s transformative potential. The findings underscore mediation’s growing significance in Pakistan as a viable alternative to traditional litigation, offering efficiency and accessibility in dispute resolution.

The Moderating Effect of Emotional Intelligence and Mediating Effect of Job Satisfaction on the Relationship between Leadership Styles and Job Performance in an IT Sector of Pakistan

Nawal Akhtar — Fri, 02 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study investigates the impact of different leadership styles on job performance in the IT sector, focusing on the mediating role of job satisfaction (JS) and the moderating role of emotional intelligence (EI). To identify the relationship between the variables we collect data from the organization through self-administered questionnaire by using likert scale. The population of this study was unknown so we used Rule of 5 to calculate our sample size which was (51*5) 255. SmartPLS is being used to analyze the required data. Specifically, we examine transformational (TF), transactional (TS), and laissez-faire leadership (LFL) styles. Our findings indicate that transformational leadership positively influences job performance, while transactional and laissez-faire leadership have negative effects. Particularly, the relationship between transactional leadership and job performance is insignificant, and job satisfaction does not mediate this relationship. This can be attributed to the task-oriented, compliance-driven nature of transactional leadership, which does not encourage the intrinsic motivation, creativity, and self-independence essential for high performance and job satisfaction in the dynamic IT environment. Furthermore, the moderating effect of emotional intelligence is highlighted, showing that it enhances the positive influence of transformational leadership (TFL) but has limited influence on transactional (TS) and laissez faire leadership (LFL). These results highlight the importance of leadership styles that promote engagement and intrinsic motivation in driving job performance and satisfaction in the IT sector.

Prevalence of Recreational Drug Use among Medical Student of Pakistan

Hira Liaqat, Ayesha Shahid Sheikh, Eyman Iqbal Chaudhary — Mon, 05 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study investigated the prevalence of psychological distress, recreational drug use, and help-seeking behavior among 273 medical students from five institutions in Lahore, Pakistan. High levels of mental health issues were found using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and a specially designed drug use questionnaire. Of the students, 41% reported moderate to severe depression, and 79.4% reported anxiety. Notable rates of recreational substance use included 5.8% reporting usage of alcohol or benzodiazepines, 10.1% using cannabis, and 28.8% smoking cigarettes. Due in large part to stigma, fear of being judged, and confidentiality issues, professional help-seeking remained low despite these concerning rates. These findings highlight the critical need for institutional initiatives to raise awareness of mental health issues, lessen stigma, and offer easily available support services to Pakistani medical students.

Challenges Faced by Rehabilitation Workers in Drug Addicts Rehabilitation in District Swat of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: A Qualitative Study

Muhammad Nadir Shah, Farhat Ullah — Mon, 05 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study being qualitative in nature used a phenomenological approach to explore the experiences of drug addiction rehabilitation through in-depth interviews with rehabilitation workers in four centers in District Swat, Pakistan. Primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observation from rehabilitation workers in four selected centers in Swat, Pakistan. Convenient sampling was used to select 20 participants from each group. The collected data was analyzed with the help of thematic analysis. It was concluded that individual, societal, and environmental factors significantly contribute to drug addiction. Understaffing and resource limitations slow down client recovery and negatively affect worker well-being. Effective rehabilitation necessitates a comprehensive approach that integrates evidence-based practices, addresses individual needs, and provides sufficient support during the recovery process. This study recommends an integrated approach of improving drug addiction rehabilitation, focusing on personalized treatment, accessible services, effective aftercare, staff welfare, holistic care, effective social support, and community involvement to improve treatment outcomes and client well-being.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of E-Learning Tools in Improving Urdu Comprehension: A Study on Online Resources and Apps

Saima Munir, Dr. Sidra Kiran, Dr. Muhammad Safdar, Erum Noreen — Mon, 05 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study examines the role of e-learning tools in ornamental Urdu comprehension skills. With the growing adoption of digital platforms for language learning, it is essential to assess their effectiveness. The research aims to investigate how these tools impact learners' comprehension abilities, identify the key features of online resources and applications that facilitate learning, and explore learners' attitudes towards using such tools. A descriptive study design was used. Population of the study was consisting of all 30 students of HSSC from Bahria College Naval Complex Islamabad. A self-structured questionnaire was used as a research tool. For better result, researcher conducted interviews from the respondent to get detail information for the research purpose.Collected data were used for analysis. PI Power was used for data analysis. The study is significant for school, college and university students in urdu subject and overall for urdu teachers. By analyzing data from surveys, interviews, and comprehension assessments, this study seeks to provide insights into the benefits and challenges of digital Urdu learning platforms, ultimately contributing to the development of more effective language learning technologies.

Prevalence and Patterns of Domestic Violence in Pakistan: An Analysis of Empirical Evidence

Usman Asghar, Madiha Afzal, Shah Jahan Ashraf — Mon, 05 May 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Domestic violence remains a pervasive issue in Pakistan, deeply rooted in cultural, social, and structural inequalities. This study analyzes empirical evidence to explore the prevalence and patterns of domestic violence against women across various regions of the country. Drawing on national surveys, case studies, and reports from governmental and non-governmental organizations, the research highlights significant trends in physical, emotional, sexual, and economic abuse. Findings indicate that approximately one in three women experiences some form of domestic violence during her lifetime, with rural areas showing a higher incidence rate than urban centers. The study also uncovers patterns linked to factors such as education level, economic dependence, marital status, and societal norms that tolerate or justify abuse. Additionally, the role of legal frameworks and institutional responses is critically assessed, revealing gaps in enforcement and victim support services. By synthesizing diverse sources of empirical data, the research aims to inform policymakers, activists, and scholars on the scope and dynamics of domestic violence in Pakistan, urging the need for integrated strategies to address this multifaceted problem.